Highlighted Resources

There are many additional resources for communities and individuals beyond this guide. Below are a few featured resources.

• Preparing for After the Fire is a powerful short movie to help communities think ahead about wildfire response created by the Chumstick Wildfire Stewardship Coalition in WA. Use this discussion guide along with the video.

Preparing for After the Fire from Hilary Lundgren on Vimeo.

• Wildfire Season in New Mexico is an easy-to-use, condensed brochure of useful information before, after, and during a wildfire. It also contains information on defensible space for your home.

• 'After the Fire' Toolkit provides ready-made communication tools for your community after a wildfire.

• Recovers.org is a tool to help communities match volunteers to needs after a disaster. They also offer an inspiring TED talk about community response to disasters.

• Team Rubicon unites the skills and experiences of military veterans with first responders to rapidly deploy emergency response teams to disasters such as wildfires.
• There's An App for That: Apps for disaster response to upload to your smartphone now.
• Wildfire Planning resources to prepare before a wildfire occurs.

• Private Property Debris Removal Program Introduction Video

• Private Property Debris Removal Program Introduction Video in Spanish

For information on food and shelter, click here.

For information on who can help individuals and families, click here.

For information on helping children deal with disaster, visit www.fema.gov or get a copy of FEMA 478 Helping Children Cope with Disaster here. You may also call the FEMA publications warehouse at 1-800-480-2520 to obtain this and other publications. More information is available at the Department of Homeland Securities’ www.ready.gov. You may also visit Sesame Street's Helping Children Understand Natural Disasters.

Mobilizing your community is a crucial part of the process of recovering from a wildfire. This guide provides information to help local governments and community leaders get started on recovery coordination.

 Wildfires that create wide-scale damage require a community-scale response for recovery. One of the greatest challenges is coordinating such a large  effort. This section provides key points to help you get started.

Although wildfire damage can be immense, often the danger is not over after the flames are put out. Flash flooding, structural damage, road instability and damaged trees are just some of the dangers that landowners face after a wildfire. Keep these tips in mind: 

If you feel you are in danger, call 911 or your local emergency number.

• Stay away from your home or business until fire officials tell you it is safe to return. 

• Flash floods are a very real and potentially deadly hazard after a wildfire, particularly as a result of rain falling over a burned area upstream of your location. Stay away from storm channels and arroyos (ditches are deadly, especially after a wildfire). Keep a battery-powered radio to listen for emergency updates, reports of weather and flash flooding, and news reports. For more information, visit our flood section here.

• Have an evacuation plan in place and make sure all family members know it in case you need to leave your home for any reason.

• Do not drink or use water from the faucet until emergency officials say it is okay; water supply systems can be damaged during wildfires or flooding. Visit the NMED Drinking Water Bureau website for more information, or call 877-654-8720 Monday - Friday, 8-5, for more information.

• Be aware of and use extreme caution around trees, power poles and other tall objects that may have lost stability during the fire. Most burned structures and surfaces will be unstable. Stay out of burned forests in windstorms as burned trees are easily downed by wind. Do not touch any power lines.

• Utilities: If there is no power, check to make sure the main breaker is on. If the breakers are on and power is still not present, contact the utility company. If you have a propane tank or system, contact a propane supplier, turn off valves on the system, and leave valves closed until the supplier inspects your system. If you have a heating oil tank system, contact a heating oil supplier for an inspection of your system before using.

• Before beginning any cleanup effort, document damage with photographs and contact your insurance carrier.

• Finally, use caution and good judgment. Ultimately you are responsible for your own safety and well-being.

• Keep a “fire watch.” That means look for smoke or sparks throughout the house and on rooftops (such as in gutters), etc. Look for ash pits or hidden embers. Stay away. They can burn you.

• Use a battery-powered flashlight to inspect a damaged home. (Note: the flashlight should be turned on outside before entering – the battery may produce a spark that could ignite leaking gas, if present).

• For information on caring for pets and livestock after wildfire, click here.

• Finally, use caution and good judgment. Most burned structures and surfaces will be unstable. Ultimately you are responsible for your own safety and well-being.

This section describes many of the programs and services provided by agencies and non-profits.

• Assistance for Communities

• Assistance for Individuals and Families

Please note that programs and funding levels can change from year to year, and assistance may not always be available.

When large wildfires affect an entire community, there are usually public meetings to provide current information on services and programs available. You may also find additional assistance from community volunteers and local organizations that are not included here.

After experiencing a destructive wildfire there are many financial implications for impacted communities and individuals. What if I lost my home or business to wildfire? What do I need to consider when applying for funds for my community? This section provides tips about finances and funding in a post-wildfire situation.

For Individuals, Families and Businesses: 'Financial Tips for Individuals'

For Communities:  'Funding 101 for Communities'

Key Items When Considering Funding Options: These tips help you decide which funding sources to apply for.

Make the most of volunteer and in-kind donations. Learn more here.

The danger isn't over once a wildfire has passed. Flooding and erosion caused by uncontrolled runoff from denuded slopes can severely impact downstream lands and structures. Because of these secondary fire effects, post-fire treatments are a critical part of a wildfire response plan. 

This section will introduce different types of post-fire treatments that can be used on hillslopes, in channels, and along roads and trails. For each treatment the entry describes what it is, why and where it's used, and its effectiveness as reported in the scientific literature. 

• Before considering treatments, ask what are the priority values at risk in my community? Be wary of a 'solution in search of a problem.' Focus on the identified priority values.
• Click here for a table of treatment comparisons to compare your goal with effective methods.
• See the 'Who Can Help' section for potential sources of technical and financial assistance for post-fire treatments.
• A PDF version of the treatments outlined here is available.

Mogollon Flood, September 2013. Credit: US Forest Service

What is a Flood?
 

A flash flood is a rapid increase in flow along a stream channel that may allow the water to overflow channel banks and cause a flood. Typically during monsoon season (July through September) there is very little time between the storm event upstream and the arrival of the flood downstream, often under an hour. If this flood contains rocks, trees and other debris, it is termed a debris flow.

The National Weather Service provides information on the potential for rainstorms causing flooding in your area. They have a three-tier warning system to alert citizens of the threat posed by developing weather systems:

• Flood Watch: Flooding is possible. Conditions are favorable for flooding but flooding is not definite.
• Flood Warning: Flooding is occurring or will occur soon; if advised to evacuate, do so immediately.
• Flash Flood Warning: A flash flood is occurring; seek higher ground on foot immediately.

For more information, visit www.floodsmart.gov

Local government officials should always be your local point of contact for information about a wildfire. If your community experiences a wildfire large enough that an incident management team fire camp has been established, you may also obtain information and updates from the incident’s Information Office. Generally, contact information for that office will be posted at nmfireinfo.com, inciweb.nwcg.gov or by calling the main office for the state or federal agency that has jurisdiction on the land where the fire is occurring.

More information on wildfires happening in the US can be found at www.inciweb.gov, and for New Mexico at http://nmfireinfo.com/. You can sign up to receive New Mexico State Forestry’s wildfire alert emails for timely updates about wildfires burning on private and state lands. Some county offices of homeland security and emergency management offer a free cell phone text alert service.

What – Straw, woodchips or fiber materials are applied to burned areas using ground or aerial application.

Purpose – By providing immediate ground cover, mulch is intended to reduce surface erosion, reduce downstream peak flows by absorbing rainfall, and secure seeds stored in the soil or applied as emergency treatment.  Mulch also provides favorable moisture and temperature regimes for seed germination.

Effectiveness – Straw mulch was reported as highly effective in reducing surface erosion when application rates exceeded 60% ground cover, and sometimes effective in reducing runoff.  Sites prone to high winds reported reduced effectiveness.  A combination of mulching and seeding was reported as more effective than seeding alone in regards to germination, but not necessarily in regards to surface cover.  Wood based mulches (manufactured products and shredded on-site trees) were equal to or more effective than straw mulch in reducing post-fire erosion.

Where

• Areas with moderate- or high-burn severity.
• Due to cost, there usually needs to be prioritization for mulch application, focusing on where there is a threat to life and property. This may include steep slopes adjacent to communities, roads, and infrastructure; critical headwaters that feed municipal water supplies; and waste sites that pose serious environmental threats.

Cost – Straw aerial application $250–930 per acre; ground application $425–1200 per acre.  Based on 1–2 tons per acre application rate (provides average mulch depth of 1–2 inches).  Wood based aerial application $1500–2000.  Additional factors include:

• Location and access.

How to Link – See USDA BAER Catalog page 27 (PDF page 35).

What – Lightweight synthetic or organic mats (netting or blankets) staked to soil surface.

Purpose – Intended to provide temporary (several months to years) soil stability to special interest sites (e.g., heritage resources) until vegetation can establish.  Mats also reduce soil temperature and provide moisture conservation.

Effectiveness – products are expensive, but effective when installed correctly.

Where

• Small areas with high values at risk.

Cost – $0.35–1.00 per square yard + installation (labor).  Additional factors include:

• Site location and access

How to Links – See USDA BAER Catalog page 37 (PDF page 45); and NRCS Erosion Control Mats Fact Sheet.

What – Mini-dams built with straw, logs, or rocks; size depends on channel gradient.

Purpose – Temporary erosion control measure designed to trap and store sediment mobilized from hillslope.  Also intended to reduce downcutting and attenuate peak flows.

Effectiveness – All types of checkdams appear to work better when implemented in gentle gradients, high in the watershed, and placed in a series.  Problems with checkdams include complete structure failure from large storms.  In-channel treatments without adjacent hillslope treatments are ineffective.

Where

• Swales with gentle gradient that allow for sediment storage.
• High-burn severity areas with highly erodible soils.
• Areas with less than 20-percent ground cover.
• Areas with high values at risk.
• Watersheds with small drainage areas, generally less than 5 acres.

Cost – $150–600 each.  Additional factors include:

• Treatment location
• Construction material used (log, straw, or rock) and availability

How to Links - See USDA BAER Catalog page 84 (PDF page 92); and NRCS Rock Check Dam Fact Sheet.

What – Altering road template.  Outsloping is accomplished with an excavator, dozer, and grader (the excavator pulls back fill and places the material in the ditch; the dozer assists in moving and reshaping the road profile; and the grader completes the final profile).

Purpose – Disperse water along fill slope and reduce erosion; prevent concentration of flow on road surface that would otherwise cause rill, gully, and rut erosion.

Effectiveness – No effectiveness monitoring data is available.  Informal observations indicate immediate and long-term facility and resource benefits, including less sediment delivered to stream channels and reduced road maintenance.  In areas with highly erodible soils, outsloping roads with unvegetated soils may increase erosion.  Outsloping is often combined with other road treatments, including rolling dips and armored crossings to control water.

Where

• Within areas of high- and moderate-burn severity where loss of control of water is a risk particularly on flat road grades (< 10%).

Cost – $2 per linear foot.  Additional factors include:

• Road prism shape (inslope or outslope)
• Size and extent of existing berm
• Presence and extent of vegetation

How to Link – See USDA BAER Catalog page 106 (PDF page 144).

Wildfire

• Wildfire Information: click here.

Weather and Emergency Alerts

• The National Weather Service provides active alerts on weather across the nation. 
• NOAA Weather Radio provides 24/7 information on watches, warnings and advisories from the National Weather Service. It does not cover all areas of New Mexico, and does require a special receiver that can be purchased at many retail outlets for less than $40 USD.

• The Emergency Alert System broadcast flash flood warnings commercial radio and TV.
• Wireless Emergency Alerts (WEA) are emergency messages sent by authorized government alerting authorities through your mobile carrier, and include flash flood warnings. Mobile users are not charged for receiving these text-like alerts and are automatically enrolled to receive them.
• FEMA recently launched an app that provides email alerts and text messages to the general public. 
• Third party sources that deliver email and weather alerts are listed here.
• Nixle provides free text and email alerts anywhere in the nation.

Water and Smoke

• The NMED Drinking Water Bureau website provides information on drinking water safety, or call 1-877-654-8720 Monday - Friday, 8-5 pm.
• Smoke Inhalation and your health: for information on how to help protect your health from wildfire, visit the New Mexico Department of Health here. 

Pets and Livestock

• Contact your local animal control office or county extension office to find out if a pet or livestock shelter has been set up. For contacts and information, visit our 'Who Can Help' section on animals here.

Dixon’s Apple Orchard Cochiti Canyon Flood August 22, 2011 Credit: Phoebe Suina, Pueblo of Cochiti

Wildfires dramatically change landscape and ground conditions, which can lead to increased risk of flooding during heavy rains because the burned ground is unable to absorb the falling rain, producing runoff conditions much like a parking lot. Because of this, even modest rainstorms over a burned area can result in flash flooding downstream. These floods are typically much larger for a given sized storm than they were before the wildfire, so flooding is likely to be much more extensive following wildfire, endangering properties previously considered safe from flooding. These floodwaters typically transport surface debris such as downed trees, boulders, and gravel.

Many areas in New Mexico are at an increased flood risk due to wildfires in recent years. Residents and businesses in areas downstream of a wildfire need to be aware of the hazards they face, the steps they can take to reduce their risk, and resources that may be available to assist them.

Debris Flow in Peralta Canyon August 19, 2012 Credit: Ryan Weiss

Post-Fire Floods and Debris Flows

In New Mexico, the biggest threat from wildfire, both in terms of life-safety and damages, comes from post-fire flooding. This flooding typically occurs during the summer and early fall associated with thunderstorms that develop during monsoon season. These storms are typically very local, very intense, and of short duration, delivering a lot of rain in a short amount of time. When such storms develop over burned areas, the ground cannot absorb the rain. The precipitation runs off the burned area, and accumulates in streams, producing a flash flood.

In small communities, subdivisions or neighborhoods, residents should appoint a Post Fire Coordinator (or a few coordinators) to work directly with local, state or federal agencies, emergency response officials and others others to help in a coordinated response. The Post Fire Coordinator does not need to be an elected official, they can be a community volunteer such as the lead of a Neighborhood Watch Group or of a Firewise Community effort. 

It can also be someone who is just a member of the community; two sisters, just 20 and 24, filled this role after a freak tornado hit their town. To see their inspiring story and the resource they built (recovers.org), visit their TED talk.

The coordinator will need to work closely with local elected officials, emergency response personnel, volunteers and other stakeholders to address needs and seek assistance. They will need to play a strong leadership role to help their community on the path to recovery. 

Skills that are helpful for the coordinator to have include:

• Proven management skills and knowledge of the community
• Internet skills (assists in communication with the public or using a site such as recovers.org)
• Experience with government agencies and programs and working across jurisdictions
• Someone that already has a community network in place
• Willing to engage throughout a fire, and during and after the BAER (Burned Area Emergency Response)
• Bilingual skills may be needed in some areas

You may want to plan for multiple coordinators to help share responsibilities. for example, there could be coordinators for different phases such as a coordinator during the fire, and another to coordinate the response after the wildfire (focusing on rebuilding, flooding, restoration, etc.).

Support for the Post Fire Coordinator(s)

While the Post Wildfire Coordinator should handle many of the community coordination tasks, others are responsible for local governance and incident response. Local officials will be responsible for providing governance which includes serving as the collective decision-making body of the community, ensuring fiscal accountability and responsibilities are met, providing for public health and safety, and keeping community members informed. The local emergency manager will work with state and federal partners to handle the disaster response and immediate needs.

The Post Fire Coordinator is a very important position after a wildfire. However, the job will be demanding and may be emotionally taxing. The coordinator should get help from volunteers, assess community needs, build a team for support, and reach out for immediate resources. For help with emotional resiliency and support, see these resources.

Post-Fire Treatments: A Primer for New Mexico Communities

In recent years, New Mexico residents have witnessed runoff, flooding, erosion, and debris flow events following severe wildfires.  These secondary fire effects can have significant and long lasting impacts to communities, private landowners, and high-value infrastructure.  Mitigating these secondary fire effects using post-fire treatments is of great interest to stakeholders affected by severe wildfires.

This guide is designed to provide communities and individuals a primer on the different types of post-fire treatments, as well as a review of their effectiveness as reported in the scientific literature.  

After a wildfire, federal, state, and local partners often work together to assess fire impacts and prioritize areas for post-fire treatment.  These assessments identify focus areas such as severely burned watersheds, steep slopes, areas where runoff will be excessive, and other values at risk such as infrastructure.  

Before implementing any treatments, it is recommended that individuals and communities consult with experts in the post-fire treatment profession who can provide perspective, insight, guidance, and advice in an ever evolving field of practice.  Engineers and hydrologists are particularly important when considering any type of in-channel treatment.  In some cases, permitting may be necessary before implementing treatments (contact your county permitting department, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and/or the New Mexico Environment Department).

Keep in mind, differing opinions exist about the use and effectiveness of various post-wildfire treatments.  It is not uncommon for one practitioner, for example, to have an affinity for a particular treatment based on personal experience, while another’s experience contradicts the firsts.  In fact, differing opinions and results are to be expected depending on how and where treatments are implemented as well as post-fire weather.  In an attempt to address this circumstance, the authors of this section have based this review on published scientific studies where available (see references).  Nonetheless, treatment effectiveness reviews are not intended to discount professional judgment and knowledge of place.  Inclusion of treatments in this guide should not be interpreted as an endorsed of its viability or usefulness, but rather a simple accounting of its historic use.

Consider the following anecdotal story from the 2002 Missionary Ridge Fire in Colorado that illustrates how different objectives and experiences may call for different treatments and approaches, and how not all individuals or communities will have the same objectives, approaches, or in some cases financial resources.  

“…several hillslope erosion control measures and some channel treatments were installed at higher than normal density above Lemon Dam to protect the intake structures of the dam from being filled with sediment. Since the dam is a critical component of the water supply system for the city of Durango, Colorado, the Water Conservation District was anxious to ensure continuous facility operation (deWolfe and others 2008).  The hillslope treatments included: log erosion barriers (LEBs) at 90 to 250 LEBs per acre, 200 to 600 percent of typical; hand-spread and crimped straw mulch at 2.5 tons per acre, 125 percent of typical; and hand-spread seeding at 60 to 75 lbs per acre, 150 percent of typical. In addition, 13 check dams and 3 debris racks were installed in the main drainage channel of the basin.  The erosion barriers, check dams, and debris racks were cleaned out and rehabilitated after each sediment-producing storm to ensure maximum performance for the next event.  This combination of treatments virtually eliminated sedimentation into the reservoir. The authors attribute the success of this treatment combination to 1) the high density of application for each treatment, 2) the enhancement of treatments working in concert, 3) the quality of treatment installation, and 4) sediment and debris removal from barrier treatments and repair of treatments to extend their useful life (deWolfe and others 2008).” (From Robichaud et al. 2010)

Photo: Example of multiple post-fire treatments: debris basin, slash/mulch spreading, and silt dams.

The authors of this section of the guide hesitated to include a cost estimate for each of the treatments as this information is inherently variable and ever changing from year to year and location to location.  However, we included it nonetheless in an attempt to provide some measure of comparison between treatments.  Costs estimates came almost exclusively from Burned Area Emergency Response Catalog (2006).

Much of the text for this review comes directly from the following publications: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Postfire Rehabilitation Treatments by Robichaud, Beyers, and Neary (2000); Burned Area Emergency Response Treatments Catalog from the USDA Forest Service (2006); A synthesis of postfire road treatments for BAER teams: methods, treatment effectiveness, and decision making tools for rehabilitation by Foltz, Robichaud, and Rhee (2009); and Post-fire treatment effectiveness for hillslope stabilization  by Robichaud, Ashmun, and Sims (2010).

We welcome your comments about this section.  To send us a note, click on 'Contact' in the footer of this website.

Experiencing a destructive wildfire can be financially straining, and even, in some cases, devastating. Below are some tips to assist individuals, families and businesses at this difficult time.

• Document, document, document: Take pictures of your property (and provide ‘before’ images if they are available). Photograph all damage from multiple angles. This will help with insurance claims and applications for assistance programs. Taking pictures is one of the single most important things you can do to help yourself.

• Keep all of your receipts from restoration and recovery projects.

• If you have insurance, contact your insurance agent as soon as possible. The Insurance Information Institute provides answers to Frequently Asked Questions about wildfire and insurance here. A brochure on 'Wildfire and Insurance' can also help you plan ahead.

• Look into flood insurance: A top priority after a wildfire is flood preparedness; it is important to purchase flood insurance if at all possible. To find out more about flood insurance, go to www.floodsmart.gov. 

• Contact your lenders as soon as possible if your financial obligations cannot be met due to wildfire. For example, if you cannot pay your mortgage, you have more options if you work with your lenders sooner rather than later.

• Do not assume FEMA (the Federal Emergency Management Agency) is all you need. A Presidential Disaster Declaration must be established in order for a community to become eligible for FEMA funding. Ensure your expectations of FEMA are realistic. FEMA does not replace homes or businesses (except in extremely rare cases). FEMA assistance, when provided, is not a substitute for insurance but rather will provide minimum assistance to get people on their feet after a disaster.

• Look into tax relief programs: If a major disaster is declared, individuals who suffer losses may complete a retroactive tax return and take the loss out of the previous year’s return. This may provide some immediate funding for you in a post wildfire situation. An accountant or your local IRS office can help you navigate this process.

• Contact your County Emergency Manager: Your local Emergency Manager needs to know how many damaged or destroyed homes and structures (particularly uninsured) resulted from the disaster, and how many businesses suffered impact. This will help them see if your community qualifies for disaster assistance, which in turn may help you receive additional help. For a list of County Emergency Managers, click here.

• If you have irreplaceable and invaluable items, get them out of harm’s way. Even if the wildfire is over, flooding may be a very real risk. However, it is critical to not return home until you have been informed it is safe to do so. Lives should always come before material items.

• For information on organizations and grant programs that may assist in a post wildfire situation, click here. 

• The Small Business Administration provides disaster loans for qualifying renters, homeowners, businesses and non-profits impacted by wildfire in a declared disaster area. 

• If you are part of the SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program), you may qualify to get additional food assistance in a wildfire situation. Call 1-800-283-4465 or click here.

• While some help exists, there are gaps between what is available and the needs individuals may have after a wildfire. Keep realistic expectations. 

• If you are reading this before a wildfire occurs, use this as a resource to plan ahead: Many planning resources are available from the Federal Emergency Management Agency, New Mexico State Forestry, the Centers for Disease Control, and many others. Additionally, keep records and photos of your property stored in an off-site location (such as a safe deposit box), which can assist in keeping them safe for insurance and other claims.

Since post-fire flooding is a real threat in New Mexico, you need to immediately assess the risk that flash flooding poses. Your first task is to identify what funds are available in the community for immediate use, and to prioritize projects that will provide the most expedient protection with those funds.

Continuing Authorities Program: US Army Corps of Engineers

This fund is for relatively small projects dealing with floodplain management, flood control, ecosystem restoration, erosion control and stream bank protection. This program is broad, including activities such as stream bank erosion protection, modifications to existing infrastructure, and more. It is funded by Congress.  

Emergency Flood Protection: US Army Corps of Engineers

The US Army Corps of Engineers can provide emergency assistance during flood events. USACE emergency assistance is intended, by law, to be temporary in order to meet immediate threats. Through this program, USACE can provide technical assistance to State and local governments with regard to emergency preparedness and planning activities. Assistance is intended to develop contingency plans, evacuation plans, and exercises to lend expertise in both areas.

Emergency Watershed Protection: Natural Resources Conservation Service

The Emergency Watershed Protection (EWP) program provides technical and financial assistance to safeguard people and property following natural disasters, such as floods, fires, wind storms, earthquakes, and drought. 

Flood Risk Evaluation Prior to Flooding: NM Department of Homeland Security and Emergency Management

This program's goals are to reduce flood risk prior to an event, and partners with Federal and non-Federal partners to provide hazard information, technical services, and planning guidance free of charge to qualified communities and Tribal governments. 

Hazard Mitigation Grant Program: NM Department of Homeland Security and Emergency Management

The New Mexico Department of Homeland Security and Emergency Management (NMDHSEM) is a resource for communities after the Governor has issued a State of Emergency, or after a Presidential Disaster Declaration or a Fire Management Assistance Grant (FMAG) declaration . The purpose of the program is to implement long-term hazard mitigation measures. DHSEM may also have information on other programs and resources available to your community after a wildfire. 

Permanent Flood Protection Solutions: US Army Corps of Engineers

The US Army Corps of Engineers has the authority to construct large-scale flood risk management (FRM) projects, including dams and engineered levees, through the Civil Works Program. Smaller-scale projects may be constructed through the Corps' Continuing Authorities Program. 

Tribal Partnership Program: US Army Corps of Engineers)

This program enables the US Army Corps of Engineers to assist on a reconnaissance study of various water resources and related issues with Pueblos and Tribes. Examples of topics include flood damage reduction, environmental restoration and protection, watershed planning, and cultural resources studies. 

Regulatory Program Authority: US Army Corps of Engineers

The US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) can assist with permitting after a wildfire has occurred. A permit is required from the USACE for activities involving discharge of fill or dredged materials into bodies of water in the US. Dredged material includes the redistribution of rocks, gravel and sediments already in the stream, lake, pond, wetland, etc. 

Soil and Water Conservation Districts

Your local Soil and Water Conservation District (SWCD) may be able to provide help after a wildfire or natural disaster. For a listing of your SWCDs, visit the New Mexico Association of Conservation Districts (NMACD) website or call them at (575) 361-1413. For a list of districts and phone numbers, click here.

New Mexico Environment Department: Ground Water Quality Bureau

The Ground Water Quality Bureau protects New Mexico’s groundwater resources as mandated by the Water Quality Act and the New Mexico Ground and Surface Water Protection Regulations (20.6 NMAC) and identifies, investigates, and cleans up contaminated sites to protect human health and the environment.

What – Combinations of organic fibers (e.g., wood shreds, paper, cotton, flax, etc.), tackifiers (i.e., glue), suspension agents, and seeds are mixed together with water and applied to the soil surface via ground or aerial applications. 

Purpose – The matrix formed by hydromulch creates an immediate cover and holds moisture and seeds on steep slopes, which fosters seed germination while holding soil in place.

Effectiveness – Hydromulch may reduce sediment yields during the first few rainfall events (long-term effectiveness is unknown).  Treatments are more effective on short slope lengths vs. longer slopes due to susceptibility to concentrated flows.  This method is wind resistant.  Multiple factors impact effectiveness (e.g., application rates, slope length and steepness, make/brand of tackifier). 

Where

• Aerial application on inaccessible, highly erodible soils following moderate or high fire severity.
• Ground application on highly erodible soils near roads.
• Due to cost, there usually needs to be prioritization for mulch application, focusing on where there is a threat to life and property. This may include steep slopes adjacent to communities, roads, and infrastructure; also critical headwaters that feed municipal water supplies, and waste sites that pose serious environmental threats.

Cost – $2000–3000 per acre for aerial application; $1675–3000 per acre ground application.  Additional factors include:

• Location and access
• Helicopter/fixed-wing aircraft turnaround time
• Helicopter/fixed-wing aircraft production rate

How to Links – See USDA BAER Catalog pages 15 and 22 (PDF pages 23 and 30); and NRCS Hydromulching Fact Sheet.

What – Logs are partially entrenched or/and staked to soil surface parallel to the contour.

Purpose – Intended to slow runoff, cause localized ponding, and capture and store eroded sediment when arranged in a bricklayer pattern on hillslopes. 

Effectiveness – Studies indicated that log erosion barriers may reduce runoff, peak flows, and sediment yields for low intensity rain events (< 1.8” per hour), but are unlikely to have a significant effect for high intensity rain events.  Sediment storage was reported to decrease by 10–15% with each successive rain event.  Although the potential volume of sediment stored is dependent on slope, tree size and length, frequency, and use of berm traps, with proper implementation effective sediment storage and creation of microsites can be achieved.

Please note: some agencies, such as the US Forest Service, no longer endorse this method. However, other users have reported success with this method when logs are properly placed and secured. Please consider the cost, ease of application, and safety, and consult with experts in the post-fire treatment profession who can provide perspective, insight, guidance, and advice in an ever evolving field of practice. 

Where

• Hillslopes with high- and moderate-burn severity.
• Slopes between 25 and 60 percent.
• Soils with high erosion-hazard ratings.
• Watersheds with high values at risk.

Cost – $420–1200 per acre.  Additional factors include:

• Terrain
• Site access
• Frequency of logs
• Labor experience

How to Links – See USDA BAER Catalog page 45 (PDF page 53); and NRCS Log Erosion Barriers Fact Sheet.

What – Directionally felling trees in a staggered herringbone pattern with tops pointed upstream.

Purpose – Intended to trap floating debris and suspended sediment.  Over time, large woody material dissipates stream energy, provides cover and habitat for fish while providing long-term channel stability.

Effectiveness – Directional felling appears to work better when implemented in gentle gradients, high in the watershed, and placed in a series.  Problems include complete structure failure from large storms.  In-channel treatments without adjacent hillslope treatments are ineffective.

Where

• Areas of high-burn severity.
• Channels where energy dissipation is necessary.
• Channels with unstable bedload and high sediment-loading potential.

Cost – $3500–4000 per mile of treatment, based on approximately 100 trees felled per mile of channel.  Additional factors include:

• Location of treatment area
• Amount of material (trees) available

How to Link – See USDA BAER Catalog page 90 (PDF page 98).

What – Altering road template.

Purpose – Rolling dips are used to drain water effectively from the road surface and prevent concentration of water.

Effectiveness – No effectiveness monitoring data exists on rolling dips.  Rolling dips and outsloping are common treatments used to disperse flows and prevent stream diversion.  Rolling dips are constructed easily with a dozer but often are too short in length, or too shallow to contain the expected flows. Often, a rolling dip/water bar is armored and used instead of a culvert upgrade because of its relatively low cost.  However, it may erode away with strong currents in high discharge.

Where

• Roads with a continuous grade and infrequent drainage structures.
• Roads with grades less than 15 percent.

Cost – $390–1200 per dip.  Additional factors include:

• Production rates
• Amount of excavation and material movement
• Equipment necessary
• Armoring requirements

How to Links – See USDA BAER Catalog page 110 (PDF page 118); and additional illustrations.

The Disaster Distress Helpline is free and confidential, and helps with emotional distress after a disaster, 1-800-985-5990.

After a wildfire, one of the most important tasks in community response is identifying and applying for disaster assistance. This section describes key items to consider when evaluating funding sources and preparing to apply for assistance for your community.

• Fund Immediate Threats: After wildfire, you need to immediately assess the threat that flash flooding poses. You may have limited time between when the fire is controlled enough to allow for mitigation work to begin and when the rains will come. Unfortunately, many of the sources of funding to help pay for mitigation projects: 1) do not pay for projects that have already been started or completed; and 2) provide funding on a time frame that takes weeks and months, rather than the hours and days when project implementation can make significant differences.
  

• Your first task is to identify what funds are available in the community for immediate use, and to prioritize projects that will provide the most expedient protection. It is better to spend that money quickly and wisely and get some immediate protection, than to hold the funds to match future federal contracts and have more damage to contend with because preventative measures were not implemented in a timely manner. Be sure to handle these actions as separate projects that do not jeopardize your community’s opportunities to compete for federal funding for other projects.

What are the Program Objectives? Several authorities come under the CAP program. Some of the most relevant ones are listed below.

1) Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration, (Section 206): Improves and restores aquatic ecosystems in a cost-effective manner to improve the environment and add value to the public. The Reconnaissance phase is at 100% Federal expense. The Feasibility phase is cost shared 50/50. Construction is cost shared 65% Federal and 35% Non-Federal. It has been used extensively by Tribes to restore the Bosque along the Rio Grande.
Click here for an information sheet about Section 206, including a sample request for assistance.

2) Emergency Stream bank and Shoreline Erosion Protection (Section 14): Provides emergency stream bank and shoreline protection to prevent damage to public facilities such as roads, bridges, hospitals, schools and water treatment plants.
Click here for an information sheet about Section 14, including a sample request for assistance.

3) Flood Risk Management (Section 205): Modifications to existing infrastructure to provide protection from frequent or recurring flooding; planning and construction of flood control works such as levees, channels and dams.
Click here for an information sheet about Section 205, including a sample request for assistance.

Responsibility for the numerous tasks required for community wildfire response is divided among many different people. Ensure everyone knows what each person’s roles and responsibilities are. It is very important for the Post Fire Coordinator to know who the agency and local government representatives are and the role each one plays following a disaster. The Post Fire Coordinator should also be able to communicate that information to others.

Ensure Assigned Roles are Not Overstepped

The Post Fire Coordinator for your community needs to ensure that the people on their team do not overstep their assigned roles. The Post Fire Coordinator should familiarize himself or herself with the roles of government response teams. Likewise, elected officials should not infringe upon the responsibilities of the emergency response team, and must not act individually. Many decisions after a wildfire must be made by the collective governing body.

Examples of Government Response Teams & Systems

There are several government response teams that  your community is likely to interface with after a wildfire. These include:

• BAER Teams: BAER (Burned Area Emergency Response) teams work on federal land after a wildfire to mitigate damage caused by the wildfire, and often provide information about a wildfire to the public and partners. BAER teams work with other federal, state, local and tribal governments informing those agencies of the risk to downstream communities and areas after a wildfire. Click here for a pdf about BAER teams.
• Incident Command System: Large wildfires will have an Incident Command System. Find out more so you know how to best communicate and interface with this system.

A top priority for flood preparedness is to purchase flood insurance. To find out more about flood insurance, go to www.floodsmart.gov. For other financial tips related to wildfire, click here.

If your property is located in an area in danger of post-fire flooding, remove hazardous materials such as chemicals from your home and outbuildings. You may move the hazardous materials to a location that is not in danger of flooding, or for information on disposal locations, click here, or contact the New Mexico Environment Department.

• For techniques to help address flood hazard, see our Post Fire Treatments section. For information on funding resources related to flooding, visit our Who Can Help page for community assistance and look for resources provided by the US Army Corps of Engineers.
• USGS has a new process for predicting debris flows more quickly; they also may install real-time early warning rain gauges for communities affected by wildfire. Contact the New Mexico USGS Water Science Center to find out more.
• For past USGS studies on debris flow hazards from New Mexico wildfires (Whitewater-Baldy, Las Conchas and Track fires), click here. This includes areas that are most likely to have the greatest debris flows, and may be helpful to areas also anticipating debris flows.

What – Felling, lopping, and then scattering trees and brush by hand or mechanical equipment.

Purpose – Intended to provide increased ground cover to reduce raindrop erosion.

Effectiveness – Scattering slash created by chain saw is generally ineffective due to slow labor production rates and the large amount of material needed for adequate soil cover.  However, mechanized equipment (e.g., hydro ax) that masticates material is considered moderately effective.

Where

• Burn sites with moderate or high fire severity.

Cost – $220–1000 per acre.  Additional factors include:

• Topography.

How to Link – See USDA BAER Catalog page 33 (PDF page 41).

What – Fiber rolls, commonly called wattles, are prefabricated rolls manufactured from rice straw and wrapped in degradable netting.  In some cases, on-site woody debris can be rolled in netting to reduce costs.  Rolls are ~ 9 inches in diameter and up to 25 feet long. 

Purpose – Intended for low-surface flows not to exceed 1 cubic foot per second. They are not for stream channels or gullies.  They are intended to reduce erosion by shortening the slope length to slow overland flow velocity as well as trap sediment and provide a seedbed for vegetative recovery.

Effectiveness – Studies indicated that erosion barriers may reduce runoff and sediment yields for low intensity rain events (< 1.8” per hour), but are unlikely to have a significant effect for high intensity rain events.  Wattles reduced total runoff and peak flow rates (Robichaud et al. 2008 and 2010).

Where

• Areas of high- and moderate-burn severity.
• Slopes with < 40% ground cover.

Cost – $1100–4000 per acre.  Additional factors include:

• Location and terrain
• Access
• Experience of crews

How to Links – See USDA BAER Catalog page 51 (PDF page 59); and NRCS Contour Wattles Fact Sheet.

What – Structures such as armored rolling dip, overside drain, or imbricated (overlapping) rock-level spreader. 

Purpose – Used on roads to control runoff across the road prism and to protect the road fill.   Armored rolling dips provide increased water flow capacity when hydrologic analysis indicates the current pipe size is too small for the short-term increased storm runoff created by fire.  Dips prevent stream diversion by safely channeling increased flows back into the channel.  Overside drains (berm drains and down drains) are placed in stream crossings where no culvert or armoring exists and in locations where the embankment (fill slope) needs protection.  Imbricated rock-level spreaders have been used on high standard roads including highways and county roads.  The imbricated rock-level spreader is a permanent structure that is built with large rock placed in a stairstep (shingled) design on excavated benches with either little or no grade along the revetment’s length.  The spreader protects the road fill from overland flows.

Effectiveness – Armored rolling dips are effective low-cost treatments when properly designed and implemented.  Qualitative monitoring data of armored rolling dips found erosion problems when the dip was too short and when insufficient riprap was used on the fill slope.  Overside drains fail if not properly designed, installed, and maintained.  Initial qualitative monitoring indicated imbricated rock-level spreaders (rock armored overflow) are effective when they discharge directly onto a vegetated/wooded zone.

Where

• Roads located below high-and moderate-burn severity areas.
• Road segments that have a long continuous grade and infrequent drainage.
• Roads that are insloped.

Costs – Treatment vary in cost. Cost estimates can be developed based on material and installation requirements.

How to Link – See USDA BAER Catalog page 115 (PDF page 123).

Here are some apps for mobile devices that may be useful after a wildfire or other natural disaster.

• The FEMA Mobile App helps you plan for and respond to natural disasters.
• The First Aid App from the American Red Cross may help in response to natural disasters.
• ReUnite helps connect lost family members and friends in a disaster situation.
• Wildfire from the American Red Cross provides wildfire news and updates, and helps you prepare and respond.
• Weather Underground
• Dark Sky weather information ($3.99)
  

Who do you need at the table to help with recovery? Assessing your needs is an important step in mobilizing your community. The community's Post Fire Coordinator should identify the tasks needed in a post wildfire situation (a ‘needs assessment’). The Post Fire Coordinator should then build a community team of support to carry out the identified tasks (this team is different from government emergency response teams that come up elsewhere in this guide). Answering the following questions can help you identify appropriate individuals for your team.

• Is there paid staff available to help after a wildfire?
• Who knows the Incident Command System (ICS)?
• Who has technical and engineering skills to assist with on-the-ground rehabilitation?
• Who has writing skills to prepare grant proposals and to submit documents required to apply for assistance?
• Should your community (or individuals) raise fund from private donations to fill the gaps of the help provided?
• Who are the administrators that can handle grants and attend funding-related meetings?
• Who has accounting skills? Meticulous bookkeeping is critical!
• Who can assist a community with immediate shelter, food and medication needs?
• Who can provide emotional support and counseling?
• Who has mapping (Geographic Information Systems) skills?
• Who has local knowledge of the landscape and any pre-existing issues such as eroded areas?
• What are key values that are at risk after a wildfire, and can something be done to protect these? Refer to our flooding and post-fire treatments sections of the website.
• Who can help neighbors with clean up, building fences, etc? For example, there may be elderly people who can not do it themselves, or neighbors who have so much to do it is overwhelming.
• Who has knowledge of the local land tenure? This may be especially important for Tribes and Pueblos, or for Land Grant communities.
• Determine if you are going to use volunteers for any of the above tasks. If so, you will need someone to recruit and manage volunteers. For tips on working with volunteers, click here.
• To get you started on who might help fill these needs, visit the Who Can Help section.

Fundraising after a wildfire can be confusing and time consuming. Below are key points to consider when deciding which funding opportunities to apply for. For information on funding sources, visit 'Who Can Help'.

• Evaluate timelines for applying: Does it make sense for you or your community to apply given deadlines? What is due when? Is your community prepared to meet the requirements of the grant in the time required?
• Timeline of funding availability: You might be able to apply today, but when will the funding be made available to you? How much money will you or your community need to spend before being reimbursed, and where will it come from? Funds from grants may take a year or more to arrive, or are available on a reimbursement-only basis. Even if a funding source is labeled ‘emergency’ funding, it may take a long time to become available. Before you spend a lot of time on an application, make sure the timeline for funding distribution works for your situation.

• Recordkeeping requirements: Make sure you know the recordkeeping requirements for each funding source, such as compliance reports, accounting and audit obligations, photos, and receipts. Can you or your community meet these requirements? Demonstrating that you can follow these requirements is crucial for a successful application, for receiving funding, and for financial compliance. Additionally, you must follow federal and state procurement guidelines for government grants or your funding may be taken back.

• Funding Restrictions: Make sure that receiving funding from one resource does not limit other important options. Different funding programs have different rules (e.g. one program may require a 25% local match, another a 50% local match.) Ask lots of questions. For example, receiving some federal funding may disqualify you for other federal grants. The New Mexico Department of Homeland Security’s Hazard Mitigation Unified Guidance describes the rules and restrictions for FEMA disaster mitigation grants. Click here for contact information for the hazard mitigation officer who can help familiarize you with the requirements for FEMA funding.

I. Hillslope Treatments

Cover Applications:

1. Dry Mulch
2. Wet Mulch (Hydromulch)
3. Slash Spreading
4. Seeding
5. Soil Scarification (with Seeding)

Erosion Barrier Applications:

1. Erosion Control Mat
2. Log Erosion Barrier (Contour Log Felling)
3. Fiber Rolls (i.e. Wattles)
4. Silt Fence

II. Channel Treatments

Family Plan

1. Identify the types of hazards that could affect your family. Know your home’s vulnerability to storm surge, flooding, and wind.
   
2. Locate a safe room or the safest areas in your home for each hazard. In certain circumstances, the safest areas may not be in your home but within your community.
   
3. Determine escape routes from your home and places to meet. These should be measured in tens of miles rather than hundreds of miles.
   
4. Have an out-of-state friend as a family contact so all your family members have a single point of contact.
   
5. Make a plan now for what to do with your pets should you need to evacuate.
   
6. Post emergency telephone numbers by your phones and make sure your children know how and when to call 911.
   
7. Check your insurance coverage. Flood damage is not usually covered by homeowners insurance.
   
8. Stock non-perishable emergency supplies and a Disaster Supply Kit.
   
9. Use a NOAA weather radio. Remember to replace its batteries every 6 months, as you do with your smoke detectors.
   
10. Take First Aid, CPR, and disaster preparedness classes.

Supply Kit Checklist

1. Water—at least 1 gallon daily per person for 3 to 7 days
   
2. Food—at least enough for 3 to 7 days
• non-perishable packaged or canned food and juices
• food for infants or the elderly
• snack foods
• non-electric can opener
• cooking tools and fuel
• paper plates and plastic utensils
3. Blankets, pillows, etc.
4. Clothing—seasonal, rain gear, sturdy shoes, etc.
5. First aid kit, medicines, and prescription drugs
6. Special items for babies and the elderly
7. Toiletries, hygiene items, and moisture wipes
8. Flashlight
9. Batteries
10. Battery-operated NOAA weather radio
11. Fully charged cell phone with extra battery and a traditional (not cordless) telephone set
12. Cash (with some small bills) and credit cards—banks and ATMs may not be available for extended periods
13. Keys
14. Toys, books, and games
15. Important documents in a waterproof container or watertight, re-sealable plastic bag insurance
• Medical records, bank account numbers, Social Security card, etc.
16. Tools
17. Full vehicle fuel tanks
18. Pet care items
• proper identification, immunization records, and medications
• ample supply of food and water
• a carrier or cage
• muzzle and leash

What is it?  The New Mexico Department of Homeland Security and Emergency Management (NMDHSEM) administers the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) utilizing FEMA funding. HMGP provides grants to local governments, tribal entities and State agencies to implement long-term hazard mitigation measures. The purpose of HMGP is to reduce the loss of life and property due to natural disasters and to enable mitigation measures to be implemented during the immediate recovery from a disaster. HMGP is authorized under Section 404 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, Title 42, United States Code 5170c.

Who Can Apply? Local governments and tribal entities with a FEMA approved Hazard Mitigation Plan. This program can only be applied for after a Presidential disaster declaration or a Fire Management Assistance Grant (FMAG) declaration.

Are Matching Funds Required? Yes, 25% of the funds must come from a non-federal source.

Program Website: https://www.nmdhsem.org/administrative-services-bureau/administrative-services-bureau-grants/hazard-mitigation-grant-program-hmgp/

Department Website: www.nmdhsem.org

What – Aerial and ground application of seed across large areas.  Native seed mixes are preferred, but non-invasive, non-native seed mixes are also used, often with sterile annual grass seeds or cereal grain seeds.

Purpose – Intended to reduce soil erosion.

Effectiveness – Seeding was generally reported as ineffective (i.e., provided < 60% surface cover) the first year following fire and neutral in subsequent growing seasons following fire.  However, when combined with mulching, the potential for germination may increase as a result of seed and moisture being held by mulch.  Sterile annual seeds and cereal grain seeds that germinate can reduce soil erosion after fire, yet not compete with native grasses in subsequent years.  Please note that seeding has the possibility for introducing invasive and noxious species, so be aware of this possibility.

Where

• Hillslopes with moderate and high fire severity.

Cost – $20–170 per acre.  However, trend analysis indicated costs increased over time (Peppin et al. 2011).  Additional factors include:

• Availability of seed
• Number of species in seed mix
• Implementation time frame
• Number of landowners involved
• Elevation and climate
• Size of fire
• Aircraft type
• Topography
• Proximity of treatment blocks to staging areas
• Weather conditions during seeding

How to Links – See USDA BAER Catalog page 64 (PDF page 72); and NRCS Seeding Fact Sheet.

What – a permeable fabric installed parallel to the contour and anchored with wooden stakes or metal t-posts.

Purpose – Intended to trap sediment and protect areas with high values at risk including heritage resources, water quality, and aquatic resources.

Effectiveness – Studies reported notably high effectiveness when fences were installed properly (i.e., anchored into soil and water allowed to pass through slowly while trapping sediment) and maintained (which requires significant effort and attention).  Robichaud and Brown (2002) measured trap efficiency at over 90 %. 

Where

• Areas accessible for inspection and maintenance.

Cost – $50 per roll (material); $150–250 labor for each fence installation.  Additional factors include:

• Location and terrain
• Frequency of fences
• Soil characteristics

How to Links – See USDA BAER Catalog page 56 (PDF page 64); and NRSC Silt Fence Fact Sheet.

What – Reinforcement of streambank with protective covering, such as rocks, vegetation or engineering materials (including boulders, riprap, and gabion baskets).

Purpose – Reduce bank cutting and erosion due to peak flows.

Effectiveness – No quantitative effectiveness monitoring data exists for this treatment.  Streambank armoring is likely to work better when implemented in gentle gradients, high in the watershed, and placed in a series.  Problems include complete structure failure from large storms.  In-channel treatments without adjacent hillslope treatments are ineffective.

Where

• Highly erodible streambanks.

Cost – moderate to high (no specific estimates are available).  Costs factors listed below:

• Location and access
• Size of material required (which then relates to mechanical equipment or hand labor requirements)

How to Link – See USDA BAER Catalog page 97 (PDF page 105); and National Engineering Handbook - Streambank Armor Protection.

What – Culverts are temporarily removed and replaced with natural fords, vented ford pipes, and low water bridges during extreme runoff events. 

Purpose – To prevent stream diversion and keep water in its natural channel.  This prevents erosion of the road fill, reduces adverse effects to water quality, and maintains access to areas once storm runoff rates diminish.

Effectiveness – Ford crossings effectively eliminate loss of water control at road/stream crossing.  However, poor design or implementation can result in damage to infrastructure and reduced water quality.  Informal monitoring indicates that flexible structures adjust to changes and are not prone to undercutting.  Boulder or riprap structures are long enough to avoid being outflanked by high flows.  Jersey barriers are less effective as an endwall material since they are not flexible.

Where

• Roads crossing ephemeral or seasonally flowing channels.
• Culverts that are at risk of plugging and diverting from increased runoff and bedload.
• Road crossings where high sediment delivery is expected.
• Roads where water overtops the road continuously or intermittently during and following mild floods.

Costs – $500–2500 for an unvented ford; costs increase for a vented ford or low-water bridge.  Additional factors include:

• Amount of material to be moved from stream channel
• Amount of riprap required to armor exposed and erodible slopes
• Location
• Depth of fill or embankment

How to Link – See USDA BAER Catalog page 122 (PDF page 122).

An important step in mobilizing your community after a wildfire is to develop a process of communication. Below are considerations for developing a communication plan in the wake of a destructive wildfire.

• Point of Contact: Let the appropriate people know who the Post Fire Coordinator is and how and when to reach them.

• Communication with Multiple Entities: Determine how local officials, emergency response teams, stakeholders, and volunteers will interface and communicate with your community team built upon your needs assessment.

• Getting the Word Out: Decide the best way to inform the broader community through outreach such as public meetings, phone calls, radio, TV or social media. Be creative and resourceful; for example, after the Tres Lagunas fire, San Miguel County Emergency Management set up local radio reporters in the canyon so residents had access to 24 hour flood alerts. 

• Online tools such as recovers.org can help you communicate with the public and match volunteers to needs.

• Use the 'After Wildfire Toolkit' , which provides communication templates for you to customize such as door hangers, press releases and public service announcements.

• Communicate Hazards that Exist After a Wildfire: Convey post-wildfire hazards such as those covered in immediate safety. Flooding after wildfire is a common hazard, for example. For more information on post wildfire flooding, visit our Flood Information section. For actions to take to help the land and to help mitigate flood risk, visit our Post-Fire Treatments section. 

• Emergency notification: Find out if your local government and institutions (like labs and universities) have an emergency notification system that allows emergency officials to alert residents and businesses to emergency situations and relay life-saving information. Encourage your team members and residents to sign up if the system requires registration. Third party systems such as Nixle (a free alert system) also exist.

In-kind work and donations often count as match for funding, but will need to be carefully documented. Most “match” must be an approved part of a grant agreement. Scrutinize the match eligibility and documentation requirements for each type of grant. Do not assume that any particular activity can be counted as match for a particular funding stream, but do keep track of everything that your staff and volunteers and others in the community are doing. Grantors are generally willing to work closely with local governments to identify match opportunities, but have to meet their own programmatic requirements.

After a wildfire, it may be difficult to ascertain which treatment or combination of treatments will help you meet your objectives. The tables below list objectives you may have and which treatments can best achieve them. For an index of treatments that links to more information, click here.

Post-fire Treatments Comparison Table

Post-fire Treatments Comparison Table

Post-fire Treatments Comparison Table

Wildfire Planning Resources

• Small Steps Can Save Homes, Communities: This 2014 article from National Geographic outlines small steps that you can do to help protect your home.
• Living with Fire: A Guide for the Homeowner - New Mexico: Short guide to help New Mexicans learn how to live more safely with the threat of wildfire (see the Spanish version here).
• Viviendo Con Incendios: Una Guía para los Dueños de casas en Nuevo México (en Español): Una guía para enseñarles a las personas cómo vivir más seguros con la amenaza de un incendio forestal.
• Community Wildfire Protection Plans from New Mexico State Forestry: Community Wildfire Protection Plans (CWPP's) have three main components: (1) Collaboration with all stakeholders throughout the CWPP process, (2) Identification and prioritization of hazardous fuel reduction areas and (3) addressing the treatment of structural ignitability within the CWPP area.
• Fire Adapted Communities provides a 'go-to' reference document, the 'Guide to Fire Adapted Communities' wildfire preparedness. It offers actions you and your community can take to become more fire adapted. It also includes recent case studies and outlines considerations to take to increase awareness and affect change in local wildfire preparedness understanding, and includes outreach and collaboration guidance.
• New Mexico's Department of Homeland Security and Emergency Management's (NMDHSEM) Hazard Mitigation Site: The Mitigation Unit can help you access your community hazard mitigation plan, develop a plan for your community and find FEMA mitigation program guidance.
• Tribal Hazard Mitigation Planning Guide from FEMA : This guide will assist Indian Pueblo and Tribal governments assess their risk and create a plan to protect their members and resources.
• Local Mitigation Planning Handbook from FEMA: The Local Mitigation Planning Handbook (Handbook) is the official guide for local governments to develop, update and implement local mitigation plans. 
• Wildfire Preparedness and Planning at Ready.gov: Learn what protective measures to take before, during and after a wildfire.
• Firewise Communities: Find out what experts know about the best ways to make your home and neighborhood safer from a wildfire.  
• A Guide to Staying Safe During Wildfires: This all-in-one guide delivers the essential strategies and tactics to keep you safe from wildfire — no matter where you live.
• Western Oregon University CERT Resources: CERT is about readiness, people helping people, rescuer safety...
• Colorado State University Extension Fire Resources: The most up-to-date fire-related resources, from CSU Extension and our partnering agencies.

• Driftless Prairies: Native Ecosystems-The Interaction of Fire and Grass: Understanding the biology and physiology of grass in management decisions

Did you know, insurance typically does not cover flooding? Homes and business located in flood areas need to purchase flood insurance to cover damages caused by flooding. Because post-wildfire floods are typically more extensive than before wildfires, individuals and businesses downstream of wildfires need to reassess their flood risk and reevaluate the need for purchase flood insurance even if previously they were outside the flood zone.

To find out more about flood insurance, go to www.floodsmart.gov.

For other financial tips related to wildfire, click here.

FEMA has published almost 100,000 individual Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs). See your map and learn how to read it so you can make informed decisions about protecting your property, both financially and structurally.

The After the Fire Toolkit was designed to allow community coalitions, local wildfire coordinating groups, fire districts and other wildfire organizations to respond to post-fire community needs quickly, accurately, and comprehensively. It includes items such as templates for Public Service Announcements, doorhangers and more.

The Phoenix Guide
The Phoenix Guide is a handbook for watershed and community wildland fire recovery, and provides information on the impacts of wildfire, community engagement, the recovery process, restoring landscapes, volunteer liability, and grants.

Community Wildfire Desk Guide & Toolkit
This is a good, condensed comprehensive resource for communities developed by the National Association of Conservation Districts. It includes post-wildfire information such as obtaining and delivering assistance, revitalizing the local community, and identifying threats of flooding.

Recovering From Wildfire: A Guide for Arizona’s Forest Owners
This guide from Arizona Cooperative Extension focuses on resource damages, erosion control measures, and assessing tree damage.

Burned Area Rehabilitation Guide from the Natural Resources Conservation Service in New Mexico.

What is it? Through EWP, NRCS reduces the threat to life and property by providing assistance to prevent further damage from flooding, runoff, and erosion. EWP work may include repairing existing water controls (i.e., levees, dikes, or other flood control structures), and removing debris and sediment from watercourses to prevent further damage in the event of subsequent storms.

Who Can Apply? Communities. The EWP must be sponsored by a public entity such as a qualified tribal organization, a division of state government, a city, county or special district (irrigation, conservation, etc.). An eligible entity must apply within 60 days of the event which caused the impairment. The 60 day "clock" generally starts when the event starts.

Are Matching Funds Required? Yes. The NRCS will pay up to 75% of construction costs of eligible emergency treatments. 

When Can I Expect To Receive My Funds?: Timing of funding depends on the availability of funds in the program at the national level. If an eligible sponsor has matching funds available, EWP funds are available (nationally), and NRCS determines that a specific situation falls under the "exigency" authorities (generally requiring immediate action to reduce a threat to human life as well as other program eligibility considerations), funding can occur within days. 

Contact Name: Kenny Branch, EWP Program Coordinator or Kristin Graham Chavez, Assistant State Conservationist for Programs

Kenny Branch Phone Number: (505) 761-4454

Kristin Graham Chavez Phone Number: (505) 761-4404

Contact Email: Click here to find your NRCS Area Office contact information

Program Website: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/nm/programs/financial/ewp/

What – Hand tools or mechanical equipment are used to break up and loosen topsoil to increase surface roughness.

Purpose – Intended to break down hydrophobic layer, prepare seedbed, and increase infiltration rate.

Effectiveness – Generally, this treatment did not provide significant improvement (e.g., reduced sediment yield) as compared to no treatment (Rough 2007).

Where

• Areas of high- and moderate-burn severity.
• Slopes with high erosion potential.                                                            

Cost – $245–300 per acre for hand crew; $50 per acre for ATV use.  Additional factors include:

• Location and access

How to Links – See USDA BAER Catalog page 60 (PDF page 68); and NRCS Mechanical Scarification Fact Sheet.

What – Engineered structures such as j-hooks, rock barbs, and single- or double-wing deflectors.

Purpose – Designed to direct increased streamflows and velocities away from unstable banks or structures of value such as a road parallel to the channel.

Effectiveness – There is no documented effectiveness monitoring data for this treatment.  Channel deflectors are likely to work better when implemented in gentle gradients, high in the watershed, and placed in a series.  Problems include complete structure failure from large storms.  In-channel treatments without adjacent hillslope treatments are ineffective.

Where

• Locations where roads are parallel to stream channels.
• Locations where facilities are at risk from streambank erosion or flooding.

Cost – Treatment costs are variable depending on the structure installed.  Costs factors listed below:

• Structure type installed
• Availability of material (rock, jersey barriers, riprap, logs)
• Site location and access

How to Links – See USDA BAER Catalog page 99 (PDF page 107); and Flow Control Structures.

(Before modification)

(After modification)

What – Culvert modification addresses flooding and debris concerns as a result of fire.  Usually involves upgrading the culvert size for increased runoff and associated bedload and debris. 

Purpose – By increasing the flow and debris passage capacity, road damage is prevented or reduced.

Effectiveness – Evaluation of this treatment is only qualitative.  The treatment rates ‘well’ when new culverts are installed prior to the first rains.  ‘Poor’ ratings reflect the inability to perform the upgrade in a timely manner or when culverts are still not large enough to handle runoff events.

Where

• High-burn severity watersheds.
• Drainages with undersized culverts.
• Road access is required.

Costs – $20,000 to $150,000 per structure.  Additional factors include:

• Culvert size (diameter and length) and type
• Site location and access
• Fill (removal and replacement)
• Headwall and endwall

How to Link – See USDA BAER Catalog page 128 (PDF page 136).

After a destructive wildfire, communities are in need of assistance and resources. However, many grants take time to apply for and receive. Early in the response phase, reach out for immediate resources.

• The New Mexico Department of Homeland Security and Management (NMDHSEM) is often the best place to start and can assist communities in identifying resources. The community Post Fire Coordinator or elected official working on behalf of a community may call them at 505-476-9635. The NMDHSEM  and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) work together to respond to disasters and collaborate on both public assistance and hazard mitigation programs.
• Collaborate and network with outside entities. For example, reach out to the New Mexico Association of Counties and the New Mexico Municipal League. You may be able to learn from officials who have recently been in a similar situation. 
• Think about reaching beyond state borders for assistance: Consider reaching out to other states that have teams or experiences that can help you. For example, after the Little Bear Fire in Ruidoso the community hired a team from Austin to assist with the post-fire recovery. Additionally, Team Rubicon is a group that "unites the skills and experiences of military veterans with first responders to rapidly deploy emergency response teams."
• The American Red Cross responds to disasters 365 days a year and can assist impacted individuals with their immediate emergency needs: http://www.redcross.org/newmexico, Call 1-800- RED CROSS, (1-800-733-2767).
• Search for Additional Financial Assistance: Agencies and organizations provide a variety of programs and services to assist communities and individuals recovering from wildfire. To help you get started, we have provided information and links to financial tips and opportunities for assistance.

Bedload: the sand, gravel, boulders, or other debris transported by rolling or sliding along the bottom of a stream.

Channel Deflector or Vane: act to guide flow away from bank, reduce bank erosion, promote local sedimentation and encourage vegetation growth.  Common names and designs include j-hooks, rock barbs, and single- or double-wing deflectors.

Debris Flow: a moving mass of mud, sand, soil, rock, water and in the case of wildfires, woody material (tree branches of all sizes) that travels down a slope under the influence of gravity.

Ephemeral Stream: ephemeral portions of streams flow only in direct response to precipitation.  Dry washes and arroyos are generally classified as ephemeral streams.

Fill slope: the surface area formed where soil is deposited to build a road or trail.

Hillslope: Hill side.

Inslope (road): grade slopes toward inside ditch.

Outslope (road): grade slopes toward fill slope.

Outsloping: the downhill side of a road where the side of the road slopes with the hill at or near the natural contour and runoff is allowed to drain down the hill without being channeled into a ditch or other water-control device.  Outslopes are usually associated with a road in steep terrain which is literally cut into the side of the hill.

Overside Drains: pipes, downdrains and spillways used to protect slopes against erosion by collecting surface runoff and conveying it down the slope to stable drainage.

Road Template: the shape and cross-sectional dimensions of a roadway.

Runoff: Movement of water across surface areas of a watershed during rainfall events.

Slope/Grade: refers to the inclination of a physical feature, landform or constructed line to the horizontal.

Social media is an opportunity to get timely updates related to wildfire in New Mexico, and to learn more about resources that are available.

Sign up for New Mexico State Forestry's free wildfire email alert service.

Twitter:

• Weather: @NWSAlbuquerque
• Southwest Coordination Center provides updates on almost every fire, big and small, in New Mexico: @SWCCNewsNotes
• NM Emergency Management: @NMDHSEM
• NM State Forestry: @NMStateForestry
• NM Fire Info: @NMFireInfo
• Information on National Forests: @USFSSouthwest; @SantaFeNF; @CarsonNF; @CIBOLA_NF; @LincolnUSForest; @gilanforest

Facebook

• New Mexico State Forestry
• Sesame Street's Helping Children Understand Natural Disasters
• InciWeb, an interagency all-risk incidient web information management system provided by the US Forest Service
• NM Fire Info
•  United States Wildfire Emergency Alerts
• National Interagency Fire Center
• USDA Forest Service
• Bureau of Land Management, New Mexico
• American Red Cross New Mexico

Outreach materials area already designed – all you  have to do is enter your contact information, change the resources to be appropriate for your community, and start getting the word out.

Within this toolkit you will find the following:

• Doorhanger (PDF, door hanger_back, door hanger_back customizable, door hanger_front)
• Be Prepared Public Service Announcement (Microsoft Word, Know Your Risks PSA) 30 and 60 seconds
• Resilience Public Service Announcement (Microsoft Word, Resilience PSA) 30 and 60 seconds
• Press Release (Microsoft Word, Press Release)
• Brochure, Action-focused
• What You Need to Know: Weather and Flooding one-pager (PDF, NOAA Radio reduced file size,  NOAA Radio (300 dpi))
• Business Resilience one-pager (Microsoft Word and PDF, Business resilience 1 pager, Business resilience 1 pager customizable)
• Facebook/Twitter posts (Microsoft Word Twitter_Template)

All of the above resources are designed to be customizable for your community.  No special software or printing capability is needed.  Any computer capable of opening, editing and printing a Microsoft Word and/or PDF file is able to utilize the materials within the toolkit.

The Toolkit was put together by the Chumstick Coalition, a member of the Fire Adapted Communities Learning Network. For questions regarding the After the Fire toolkit, please email director@chumstickcoalition.org.

What is it? Under Public Law 84-99, USACE can provide emergency assistance during flood events. USACE emergency assistance is intended, by law, to be temporary in order to meet immediate threats. USACE can provide technical assistance to State and local governments with regard to emergency preparedness and planning activities. Assistance is intended for State and local agencies to develop contingency plans, evacuation plans, and exercises to lend expertise in both areas.

Post-Flood Response: Following a flood event, but prior to a Presidential declaration pursuant to the Stafford Act, USACE may provide Post-Flood Response assistance. Post-Flood Response activities are limited to actions necessary to save lives and protect public facilities, and residential or commercial developments. Post-Flood Response assistance by USACE can include clearance of debris from transportation routes, critical infrastructure, and water courses when it is required to prevent loss of life or significant damage to public property. A written request for Post-Flood Response from the Governor of a State to the USACE District Commander must be provided concurrently with or immediately after the Governor's request for a Presidential disaster declaration under the Stafford Act. This request must indicate that the recovery work is beyond the capability of the State to accomplish; identify specific damage locations; and detail specific requirements for USACE assistance. USACE assistance may be provided for a maximum of ten (10) days from the date of receipt of the Governor’s request for assistance. No work, including contract work, can be performed after the 10-day period expires. No work can be initiated if a Presidential declaration request is denied.

Advance Measures: USACE may build Advance Measures flood damage reduction projects on a case-by-case basis. Specific areas that have been impacted by forest fires leaving denuded terrains will be considered based on National Weather Service forecasted rainfall models and expected impacts to life and improved property. USACE may perform Advance Measures prior to flooding or flood fighting activities to protect against and mitigate loss of life and significant damages to urban areas, public facilities, and/or critical infrastructure. Advance Measures must be in response to an “imminent threat of unusual flooding” with the potential to approach an area's flood of record, a catastrophic level of flooding, or a greater than 50-year level of flooding. Activities are limited to the protection of life and the protection of public facilities/infrastructure in imminent danger of flooding, and the law specifically excludes assistance to individual homeowners and businesses, including agricultural property.

Who Can Apply? USACE resources can only be requested by a State Emergency Management Agency or by Tribal governments, and can only occur once State, Tribal and local governments have committed all available resources (i.e., workforce, supplies, equipment, funds, National Guard assets, etc.).

When Can I Expect To Receive My Funds?: Funding availability is subject to the budget cycle.

Contact Name: CrystalLin Medrano

Contact Phone Number: (505) 342-3686

Contact Email: cespa-eoc@usace.army.mil

What – Specially engineered and constructed emergency basin for storing large amounts of sediment moving in an ephemeral stream channel.  Designed to trap at least ~ 50–70 percent of expected flows.

Purpose – Designed to store runoff and sediment; often the last recourse to prevent downstream flooding, sedimentation, or threats to human life and property.  Provide immediate protection from floodwater, floatable debris, sediment, boulders, and mudflows.

Effectiveness – No quantitative information is available on effectiveness.  Debris basins are considered to be a last resort because they are expensive to construct and require commitment to long-term repeated maintenance following runoff events.

Where

• Areas with moderate- to high-burn severity.
• Areas where high-value resources are imminently threatened.
• Sites with the capacity to trap the estimated debris flow volume.
• Sites with access available for construction and maintenance.

Cost – Expensive; costs depend on the following factors:

• Location and access
• Size of debris basin
• Availability of material
• Frequency of maintenance

How to Links – See USDA BAER Catalog page 102 (PDF page 110); NRCS Sediment Basin Fact Sheet; and Debris Dam Publication.

What – A debris rack is a structure placed across a stream channel to collect debris before it reaches a culvert entrance.  A debris deflector is a structure (usually V-shaped with apex pointed upstream) placed at the culvert inlet to route the major portion of debris away from the culvert entrance.

Purpose – Designed to protect culverts from catastrophic failure by catching floatable debris that otherwise would likely plug culverts and cause stream diversion.  By protecting culverts from failing, these structures protect transportation infrastructure, public safety, and downstream resource values.

Effectiveness – No quantitative data exists on the effectiveness of debris structures.  However, anecdotal information indicates they can be effective with proper implementation and maintenance.  Problems can occur if the design structure is too small for the stormflows and associated debris.

Where

• Culverts at risk of plugging with debris.
• Where downstream infrastructure, public safety, or other resources are at risk.

Cost – $100–4000 depending on material.  Log racks built with onsite burned logs are economically efficient.  Structures constructed with heavy rail or steel range from $3000 to $30,000 or more depending on the size and materials required.  Additional factors include:

• Site location and access
• Materials required for implementation
• Number of structures

How to Link – See USDA BAER Catalog page 134 (PDF page 142).

After getting flood insurance, there are several things you can do to minimize losses in your home or business and ensure the safety of family and employees.

1. Safeguard your possessions.
Create a file containing information about all your property and its contents, and keep it in a secure place, such as a safe deposit box or waterproof container. This file should have:

• A copy of your insurance policies with your agent’s contact information.
• An inventory: For insurance purposes, be sure to keep a written and visual (i.e., videotaped or photographed) record of all major items and valuables, even those stored in basements, attics or garages. For more information visit www.knowyourstuff.org.
• Copies of all other critical documents, including finance records or receipts of major purchases.
• Businesses should have a plan for resuming operations after a flood.

2. Prepare your property.

• First make sure your sump pump is working and then install a battery-operated backup, in case of a power failure. Installing a water alarm will also let you know if water is accumulating in your basement.
• Clear debris from gutters and downspouts.
• Anchor any fuel tanks.
• Raise electrical components (switches, sockets, circuit breakers, and wiring) at least 12 inches above your homes projected flood elevation.
• Place the furnace, water heater, washer, and dryer on cement blocks at least 12 inches above the projected flood elevation.
• Move furniture, valuables, and important documents to a safe place.
• If your property is located in an area in danger of post-fire flooding, remove hazardous materials such as chemicals from your home and outbuildings. You may move the hazardous materials to a location that is not in danger of flooding, or for information on disposal locations, click here, or contact the New Mexico Environment Department.
• Protect areas susceptible to floodwaters by placing sandbags. Sandbags can be used to keep water out of buildings, to redirect floodwaters away from property, or to fill in damaged spots in berms or levees. Sandbags are prepared in the following manner:
  
  
  • Filling sandbags is a two person job. Have one person crouch or kneel, holding the bag upright on the ground. The second person shovels sand into the bag until the bag is one-half to two-thirds full. Fold the top of the bag over; do not tie bags. Sandbags are generally filled near the location where they will be placed.
  • Place the bag in the desired location such that the open end of the bag is folded under the sand.
  • Bags can be stacked up to three-high a single line or can be stacked in a pyramid shape, with each layer containing one row fewer than the layer below. The pyramid pattern provides more stability, but requires more bags.
  • Alternate the placement of the bags to fill in potential gaps or weak spots.
  • Place sandbags with the folded end of the bag facing the upstream direction from which the water will flowing. This will cause the water to keep the bag sealed, rather than opening the bag and spilling the contents.

For more details on sandbagging techniques, click here.

3. Develop an emergency plan.

• Create a safety kit with drinking water, canned food, first aid, blankets, a radio, and a flashlight.
• Post emergency telephone numbers by the phone and teach your children how to dial 911.
• Plan and practice a flood evacuation route with your family or employees. Know safe routes from home, work, and school that are on higher ground.
• Ask an out-of-state relative or friend to be your emergency contact.
• Have a plan to protect your pets.
• Itemize and take pictures of possessions and assets.

Keep valuable items on the upper floors of your home or building.

The amount of work to be done in the wake of a disaster can be daunting, and with wildfire, recovery often takes years of work. Volunteers can help your community recover from wildfire by carrying out the projects you do not have allocated resources for. Here is a list of tips and suggestions to aid you in successfully utilizing volunteer help.

1. Identify a Volunteer Coordinator: This should be someone personable and organized, with prior management experience. Your coordinator can take a lead in:

• Handling volunteer requests
• Handling volunteer offers and screening volunteers
• Creating and maintaining the volunteer database
• Tracking of volunteers, services and donations
• Matching the right volunteer with the right project
• Reviewing project proposals
• Researching and obtaining funding and resources for projects
• Recruiting volunteers through social media, press releases, and outreach opportunities, if needed.

2. Assess Resources: Working with the skills and the tasks you have identified for your community, ask yourself the following questions:

• What jobs need to be done that we do not have the resources for?
• What tasks can be done by volunteers?

3. Recruit Volunteers: Typically, volunteers with the following skills will be needed:

• Patient, kind, knowledgeable people to answer telephones

• Well-organized and detail-oriented people to handle volunteer applications, enter information into computer databases, and make follow-up calls

• People willing to get dirty (cleanup, filling sandbags, raking, seeding and related activities). When working with volunteers on physical jobs, safety is paramount. Ensure people are properly trained, and keep groups small (about seven people with each volunteer leader; the leader should be trained in the work you are implementing and have very brief written instructions on the task at hand). Keep instructions simple and clear for hands-on work.

• Seasoned and strong outdoor types who can lift and place heavy wattles, logs or bales of straw

• People with professional skills such as grant writing, accounting, legal skills, and media and outreach skills

4. Motivate volunteers, but keep them from going "overboard": volunteers can injure themselves or experience overwhelm or fatigue. Monitor volunteer well-being to avoid dangerous situations.

5. Have a plan for addressing liability and injury issues. This includes the creation of a volunteer waiver and release of liability forms. These forms can also include a volunteer or work agreement to help ensure your projects get completed.

6. Find Tasks for People Who Want To Help: If possible, rather than turn away someone who wants to volunteer, try to find the right job for that person. Allowing community members to pitch in and help out not only provides needed labor but can also promote community cohesion and advance their personal healing process. To help match volunteers with needs, use online resources such as recovers.org.

6. Maintain a Volunteer Database: Developing a volunteer database is an important step. Each project and community will require different information, but at a minimum should include:

• First Name, Last Name (or name of organization and primary contact)
• Address, City, County, State, Zip Code
• Work Phone and extension, Home Phone, Mobile Phone
• Email Address
• Date of Birth (or adult or minor)
• Skills/Type of work volunteer is willing to perform and any relevant experience or expertise
• Availability

deWolfe, V.G.; Santi, P.M.; Ey, J.; Gartner, J.E. 2008. Effective mitigation of debris flows at Lemon Dam, La Plata County, Colorado. Geomorphology. 96: 366-377.

Foltz, R.B.; Robichaud, P.R.; Rhee, H. 2008. A synthesis of postfire road treatments for BAER teams: methods, treatment effectiveness, and decision making tools for rehabilitation. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-228 Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 152 p.

Napper, C. 2006. Burned Area Emergency Response Treatments Catalog. Technical Report. 0625 1801-SDTDC, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Technology & Development Program, Watershed, Soil, Air Management. 266 p. [Online]. available: http://www.fs.fed.us/eng/pubs/pdf/BAERCAT/lo_res/06251801L.

Peppin, D.L.; Fule, P.Z.; Sieg, C.H.; Beyers, J.L.; Hunter, M.E.; Robichaud, P.R. 2011. Recent trends in post-wildfire seeding in western US forests: costs and seed mixes. International Journal of Wildland Fire 20(5): 702-708.

Robichaud, P.R.; Ashmun, L.E.; Foltz, R.B.; Showers, C.G.; Groenier, J.S.; Kesler, J.; DeLeo, C.; Moore, M. 2013. Production and aerial application of wood shreds as a post-fire hillslope erosion mitigation treatment. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-307. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 31 p.

Robichaud, P.R.; Ashmun, L.E.; Sims, B.D. 2010. Post-fire treatment effectiveness for hillslope stabilization. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-240. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 62 p.

Robichaud, P.R.; Beyers, J.L.; Neary, D.G. 2000. Evaluating the effectiveness of postfire rehabilitation treatments. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-63. Fort Collins: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 85 p.

Robichaud, P.R., Brown, R.E. 2002. Silt fences: an economical technique for measuring hillslope soil erosion. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-94. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 24 p.

Robichaud, P.R.; Lewis, S.A.; Brown, R.E.; Ashmun, L.E. 2009. Emergency post-fire rehabilitation treatment effects on burned area ecology and long-term restoration. Fire Ecology Special Issue 5(1):115-128.

Robichaud, P.R.; Pierson, F.B.; Brown, R.E.; Wagenbrenner, J.W. 2008. Measuring effectiveness of three post-fire hillslope erosion barrier treatments, western Montana, USA. Hydrological Processes. 22: 159-170.

Robichaud, P.R.; Wagenbrenner, J.W.; Brown, R.E.; Wohlgemuth, P.M.; Beyers, J.L. 2008. Evaluating the effectiveness of contour-felled log erosion barriers as a post-fire runoff and erosion mitigation treatment in the western United States. International Journal of Wildland Fire 17:255-273.

Rough, D. 2007. Effectiveness of rehabilitation treatments in reducing post-fire erosion after the Hayman and Schoonover Fires, Colorado Front Range. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University. 186 p. Thesis.

Flash Flooding in Alamogordo, June 2006

• Do not walk through moving water. Six inches of moving water can make you fall. If you have to walk in water, walk where the water is not moving. Use a stick to check the firmness of the ground in front of you.
• Do not drive into flooded areas. If floodwaters rise around your car, abandon the car and move to higher ground if you can do so safely. You and the vehicle can be quickly swept away. It can take only a foot or two of water to float or sweep away your vehicle.
• NOAA Weather Radio: Listen to NOAA Weather Radio for information on flooding and other weather alerts.
• Be aware of streams, drainage channels, canyons, and other low-lying areas that can flood suddenly. Flash floods can occur in these areas with or without such typical warnings as rain clouds or heavy rain.
• If there is any possibility of a flash flood, move immediately to higher ground. Do not wait for instructions to move.
• Do not attempt to walk across flowing streams or drive through flooded roadways.
• If water rises in your home before you evacuate, go to the top floor, attic, or roof.
• Listen to a battery-operated radio for the latest storm information.
• Turn off all utilities at the main power switch and close the main gas valve if advised to do so.
• If you've come in contact with floodwaters, wash your hands with soap and disinfected water.
• If it is safe to evacuate, leave your home.
• Secure your home. If you have time, bring in outdoor furniture.
• Turn off utilities at the main switches or valves if instructed to do so. Disconnect electrical appliances. Do not touch electrical equipment if you are wet or standing in water.

For more information visit www.floodsmart.gov

What is it?  The New Mexico Department of Homeland Security and Emergency Management (NMDHSEM) administers the Flood Mitigation Assistance Grant Program (FMA) utilizing FEMA funding. FMA provides grants to local governments, tribes and State agencies on an annual basis to mitigate flood damaged properties and to reduce or eliminate claims under the National Flood Insurance Program. FMA is authorized under Section 1366 of the National

Flood Insurance Act of 1968, as amended, Title 42, United States Code, 4104c.

Who Can Apply? Local governments and tribal entities with a FEMA approved Hazard Mitigation Plan. This program can only be applied for during the annual cycle and must mitigate flood risk for structures insured through the National Flood Insurance Program. 

Are Matching Funds Required? Yes, 25% of the funds must come from a non-federal source.

Program Website: www.nmdhsem.org/Grants.aspx

Department Website: www.nmdhsem.org

What – Riser pipes function to sieve debris and allow passage of water.  Riser pipe allows accumulation of bedload sediments released from a drainage due to the loss of soil cover and reduced infiltration from water repellant soils.  The sediment and ash captured in the basin can be removed with a backhoe.

Purpose – Risers are used to protect road infrastructure, especially those with large fill, from failure.  Riser pipes help prevent culverts from plugging with sediment and floating debris.  Pipes capture sediment and reduce downstream impacts to water quality.  Riser pipes also reduce peak flows by storing water and sediment.

Effectiveness – No formal effectiveness monitoring data exists for risers.  However, reports indicate risers performed well when maintained.  Problems occurred when structures were not routinely checked and debris was not removed from the basin.  Risers are temporary treatments that are easily disassembled when no longer needed.  Risers are installed quickly and at a low cost.

Where

• Access at road crossings with a culvert inlet is limited by conventional equipment (backhoe).
• Drainages with high-burn severity and erosion predictions indicate a high risk of sediment delivery.
• Channels that have high bedload transport capabilities.

Cost – $750–1400 for labor and material.  Additional factors include:

• Location and access
• Culvert size and inlet condition

How to Link – See USDA BAER Catalog page 140 (PDF 148).

Want to learn more about post-wildfire flooding? U.S Geological Survey has produced three reports modeling post-fire debris flows. The reports include information such as the areas of the highest probability of the largest debris flows during flooding some recent New Mexico wildfires. You can see the completed reports at the links below. Also, USGS may help communities before or after a wildfire, including early warning rain and stream gauges and debris-flow modeling.

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1188/ofr2012-1188.pdf (Whitewater-Baldy)

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1308/ (Las Conchas)

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1257/ (Track Fire)

You may not have to start planning the recovery process from scratch. A growing number of New Mexico communities have adopted an all-hazard mitigation plan that addresses wildfire response. If your county, tribe, pueblo or municipality already has a plan, many of the tasks on the next few pages will have been done for you. If your community doesn't have a plan in place, this guide will help you identify steps to take.

If you are reading this before a wildfire has occurred, the most important thing you can do is  plan ahead. 

Does my Community Have a Plan?

To see the status of your community's Hazard Mitigation Plan, check the 'Mitigation' page from the New Mexico Department of Homeland Security and Emergency Management. For links to existing New Mexico Community Wildfire Protection Plans from State Forestry, which may be useful in a post-wildfire situation, click here. You may also try an online search for a plan for your community; for example, Angel Fire has a wildfire plan here that does not appear on the other sites mentioned.

Key Items for Planning

In addition to resources such as a Hazard Mitigation Plan, keep these key points in mind:

• Document your community or home through photographs in case you need to use images after a wildfire for financial purposes.
• If a wildfire happened, who would I need at the table to help with the recovery process? Think about social recovery as well to provide for items such as food, medication, supplies and support such as counseling.
• How will your community come up with match for grant funding? Planning ahead for finances and for volunteers, etc. can assist your community in recovery.
• If a wildfire occurs, how do we address the threat of post-wildfire flooding? Often fires in New Mexico and in the southwest are followed by monsoon rains; what can we do to protect our water supply and communities?

Secure your home. If you have time, bring in outdoor furniture. Move essential items to an upper floor.

Turn off utilities at the main switches or valves if instructed to do so. Disconnect electrical appliances. Do not touch electrical equipment if you are wet or standing in water.

What is it? USACE has the authority to construct large-scale flood risk management (FRM) projects, including dams and engineered levees, through the Civil Works Program. Smaller-scale FRM projects may be constructed through the Corps' Continuing Authorities Program. Section 205 of the Flood Control Act of 1948 provides authority to construct FRM projects with up to a $7 million Federal cost.

Who Can Apply? USACE resources can only be requested by a State Emergency Management Agency or by Tribal governments, and can only occur once State, Tribal and local governments have committed all available resources (i.e., workforce, supplies, equipment, funds, National Guard assets, etc.).

Are Matching Funds Required? Yes, these projects are cost-shared 65/35 Federal/non-Federal. FRM projects are cost-shared and require a non-Federal sponsor. Cost-sharing varies from feasibility phase (50/50 Fed/non-Fed) to construction phase (65/35 Fed/non-Fed). However, Assistance can be requested at anytime.

When Can I Expect To Receive My Funds?: Funding availability is subject to the budget cycle.

Contact Name: CrystalLin Medrano

Contact Phone Number: (505) 342-3686

Contact Email: cespa-eoc@usace.army.mil

What – Mechanical equipment is used to clean out organic debris and sediment deposits in stream channels, above culverts, and in catchment basins ahead of anticipated runoff events.

Purpose – To prevent organic debris and sediment deposits from becoming mobilized in debris flows and flood events.  Intended to protect transportation and facility infrastructure. 

Effectiveness – No quantitative effectiveness monitoring data is available on catchment basin cleanout.  However, anecdotal information suggested the treatment is effective.

Where

• Locations where cleanout can be done prior to the first damaging rain.
• Road crossings where existing sediment reduces culvert capacity.
• Areas with high values-at-risk.

Cost – $200–2000 for each basin.  Additional factors include:

• Amount of material that is removed
• Location and access

How to Link – See USDA BAER Catalog page 145 (PDF page 153).

Do not walk through moving water. Six inches of moving water can make you fall. If you have to walk in water, walk where the water is not moving. Use a stick to check the firmness of the ground in front of you.

Do not drive into flooded areas. If floodwaters rise around your car, abandon the car and move to higher ground if you can do so safely. You and the vehicle can be quickly swept away. It can take only a foot or two of water to float or sweep away your vehicle.

NOAA Weather Radio: Listen to NOAA Weather Radio for information on flooding and other weather alerts.

What is it? Under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act a permit is required from the USACE for activities involving discharge of fill or dredged materials into waters of the United States (WOUS). This requirement is not waived in emergency situations. USACE regulations at 33 CFR 325.2(e)(4) define an emergency as a situation that “…would result in an unacceptable hazard to life, a significant loss of property or an immediate, unforeseen and significant economic hardship…”Projects associated with emergency and disaster response situations will receive priority review and expedited response. Potential responses include informing the applicant that a permit is not required for the proposed work, that the project meets the terms and conditions of an issued general permit, or that an individual permit is required.

Who Can Apply? Any party proposing to discharge fill or dredged material into a WOUS. Applications may be submitted at anytime.

Contact Name: CrystalLin Medrano

Contact Phone Number: (505) 342-3686

Contact Email: cespa-eoc@usace.army.mil

Program Website: http://www.spa.usace.army.mil/Missions/RegulatoryProgramandPermits.aspx

Frequently Asked Questions about USACE Permits in an Emergency Situation:
Click here.

What – On-the-ground inspection and clean out, if necessary, of critical infrastructure during, after, or between precipitation events that may result in loss of water control. 

Purpose – Intended to keep culverts and drainage structures functioning on roads where access is required by cleaning sediment and debris from the inlet.  The treatment is used in lieu of more costly upgrades that are not feasible due to expense or time frame.  Storm inspection and response performed during runoff events should be conducted with caution.

Effectiveness – No formal effectiveness monitoring data exists on storm inspection and response.  Informal observations indicate cost effectiveness because some road problems are avoided with timely clearing and cleaning of road crossings.  However, challenges include maintaining a dedicated inspection team over time, and where excessive areas to patrol result in inadequate coverage.

Where

• Road crossings where high sediment and debris is anticipated.
• Road access is necessary throughout the storm season.
• Roads susceptible to landslides.

Cost – Equipment rates per day: backhoe $390; front-end loader $465; four-person crew $970.  Additional factors include:

• Location and access

How to Link – See USDA BAER Catalog page 150 (PDF page 158).

New Mexico Association of Counties

NM Association of Counties

Read More…

Drought Task Force Watershed Management Subcommittee

The Watershed Subcommittee is a broad-based, action oriented collaborative group that coordinates watershed management in New Mexico. Member entities help implement action items in the New Mexico Forest and Watershed Health Plan and the State Forest Action Plan. Members represent twenty agencies, non-governmental organizations and the private sector, including: Bureau of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Land Management, Bureau of Reclamation, New Mexico State Forestry Division, Interstate Stream Commission, Natural Resources Conservation Service, New Mexico Association of Conservation Districts, New Mexico Coalition of Conservation Districts, New Mexico Department of Agriculture, New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, New Mexico Environment Department, New Mexico Forest and Watershed Restoration Institute, New Mexico Forest Industry Association, New Mexico State University, NMSU Mora Research Center, Office of the State Engineer, Range Improvement Task Force, State Land Office, The Nature Conservancy, US Fish and Wildlife Service and US Forest Service.

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Information on Wildfires Anywhere in the U.S., including New Mexico: click here.

Information Focused on New Mexico Wildfires: Information specifically focused on wildfires in New Mexico can be found here.

Alerts: You can sign up to receive New Mexico State Forestry’s wildfire alert emails for timely updates about wildfires burning on state and private lands. Some county offices of homeland security and emergency management offer a free cell phone text alert service.

Emergency Alerts from Nixle: Go to this link for emergency alerts delivered to your cell phone and email at no cost.

Emergency Notification (reverse 911, CodeRED): Many communities and institutions have automated emergency notification systems that will send alerts to your cell phone. Contact your law enforcement agency to find out if a local system is available, and sign up if one is.

NOAA Fire Detection Program: Analyzed fires and smoke from satellite.

Smoke and your Health: The New Mexico Department of Health provides information to help protect your health from smoke during wildfire: click here.

Planning for Wildfire: click here.

• Listen to NOAA weather radio, a battery-operated radio, or television for the latest emergency information. Use phones only for emergency calls. Stay away from damaged areas. Return home only when authorities say it is safe.
• As soon as floodwater levels have dropped, it's time to start the recovery process. Here's what you can do to begin restoring your home.
  • If your home has suffered damage, call your insurance agent to file a claim.
  • Check for structural damage before re-entering your home to avoid being trapped in a building collapse.
  • Take photos of any floodwater in your home and save any damaged personal property.
  • Make a list of damaged or lost items and include their purchase date and value with receipts, and place with the inventory you took prior to the flood. Some damaged items may require disposal, so keep photographs of these items.
  • Keep power off until an electrician has inspected your system for safety.
  • Boil water for drinking and food preparation until authorities tell you that your water supply is safe.
  • Prevent mold by removing wet contents immediately.
  • Wear gloves and boots to clean and disinfect. Wet items should be cleaned with a pine-oil cleanser and bleach, completely dried, and monitored for several days for any fungal growth and odors.

If additional assistance is needed, contact your county Emergency Manager.

What is it? This is a study authority that enables the Corps to spend up to 100K on a reconnaissance study of various water resources and related issues. Specified topics include flood damage reduction, environmental restoration and protection, watershed planning, cultural resources studies, and “such other projects as the Secretary determines to be appropriate,” thus opening the door to many potential kinds of study. Additionally, there are individual authorities for specific projects or programs that are included in Water Resources Development Act (WRDA) laws by Congress as a result of requests from constituents. Some of these apply exclusively to Tribes.

What – Trail stabilization methods include rubber belt and rock waterbars, rock spillways, and rolling dips.

Purpose – Designed to provide drainage and stability to reduce trail damage and erosion.

Effectiveness – No quantitative data exists on the effectiveness of this treatment.

Where

• On trails lacking adequate drainage features for anticipated runoff.
• Trails within or below high-burn severity areas.
• Trails with sustained grade through burned areas that lack adequate drainage.
• Trail segments that have the potential to deliver sediment to streams.
• Trails where previous drainage structures were damaged by the fire.

Cost – $1000–3000 per mile.  Additional factors include:

• Number of structures required within the treatment area
• Availability of material

How to Link – See USDA BAER Catalog page 153 (PDF page 161).

NOAA's (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) National Weather Service provides training and is a local resource for providing a 24/7 weather watch.

Click here for Flood Videos

What is it? This is a study authority that enables the Corps to spend up to 100K on a reconnaissance study of various water resources and related issues. Specified topics include flood damage reduction, environmental restoration and protection, watershed planning, cultural resources studies, and “such other projects as the Secretary determines to be appropriate,” thus opening the door to many potential kinds of study. Additionally, there are individual authorities for specific projects or programs that are included in WRDA’s by Congress as a result of requests from constituents. Some of these apply exclusively to Tribes.

Who Can Apply? USACE resources can only be requested by a State Emergency Management Agency or by Tribal governments, and can only occur once State, Tribal and local governments have committed all available resources (i.e., workforce, supplies, equipment, funds, National Guard assets, etc.). Assistance can be requested at anytime.

Are Matching Funds Required? Yes, if a Federal interest is identified during the reconnaissance phase, a feasibility or watershed assessment cost-share agreement is signed and the project moves into the next phase. Typically, the cost share is 50/50 and in-kind contributions are allowed watershed planning, however, is cost-shared 75/25. The Bureau of Indian Affairs must be contacted during the course of a study.

When Can I Expect To Receive My Funds? Funds are allocated based on the available national budget and allocated based on assigned rank at USACE Headquarters.

What – Mechanical equipment such as an excavator or dozer is used to decommission unauthorized roads that are destabilized as a result of loss of vegetation following high burn severity. 

Purpose – Intended to improve infiltration, restore hillslope hydrology, and reduce erosion following subsoiling (tilling), recontouring road fill, and restoring drainage through the road prism using mechanical equipment.

Effectiveness – No quantitative data is available on soil erosion rates.  However, visual inspection revealed that treatment objectives to improve infiltration and reduce erosion by restoring the slope were achieved in treated areas.

Where

• Hillslope with multiple unclassified roads.
• Areas with high-burn severity and high soil erosion potential.

Cost – $7000–8000 per mile.  Additional factors include:

• Location and access
• Equipment type and size necessary to implement the treatment

How to Link – See USDA BAER Catalog page 160 (PDF page 168).

This guide is a collaborative work by land management agencies and local government organizations in New Mexico. It is intended to be used for informational purposes only. It is not intended to substitute for legal or professional advice. The material in this guide was compiled to help community leaders find the best currently available information in one place for communities that have experienced a destructive wildfire. Readers should be aware that such information is subject to change over time and will not apply to all communities or all post-fire situations.

We recognize that the range of assistance offered to communities and individuals in New Mexico may not meet all of the many needs that can arise after a wildfire. Gaps in services and financial assistance do exist. This guide attempts to communicate to communities and individuals the ‘lessons learned’ from other New Mexico communities, outline what help is currently available, and provide some information on rehabilitation practices that may be employed after a wildfire has occurred. We hope this guide assists you on your journey of recovery from a destructive wildfire.

We welcome your feedback on this guide.

 WHAT CAN THE NEW MEXICO ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT (NMED) PROVIDE?

For communities, NMED can provide free testing of private domestic wells for individual private well owners through the Water Fair Program to check for contamination after a wildfire. Contact the Ground Water Quality Bureau for more information: gwqb.general@state.nm.us or (505) 827-2900. GWQB home page: https://www.env.nm.gov/gwqb/

For more information on Surface Water Quality: 

• How Wildfire Impacts Surface Water Quality
• Water Fairs
• Water Infrastructure Funding

PDF of Condensed Version of the Guide

Hot off the press! Click above to find a condensed, printable, downloadable version of the 'After Wildfire: A Guide for New Mexico's Communities."

Post-Fire Treatments PDF
Communities often do not know where to start with post-fire treatments to reduce risk from post-fire flooding or to restore burned land. This pdf contains information on post-fire treatments for burned areas after a wildfire. It is a static version of the Post-Fire Treatments section of the After Wildfire website.
Post-Fire Treatments - A Primer for New Mexico Communities_2015.pdf
PDF document, 2617 kB (2680339 bytes)

Publications from New Mexico State Forestry
Learn about wildfire preparedness and more at New Mexico State Forestry's publication page,
http://www.emnrd.state.nm.us/SFD/Publications/PubsMain.html.

Sandbagging Techniques
The use of sandbags is a centuries old, tried and true method for flood fighting. See procedures and safety tips inside on efficient bagging operations.
NWD_Sandbag_Pamphlet.pdf — PDF document, 6995 kB (7163293 bytes)

US Army Corps of Engineers Program PDF Pages USACE Section 1135
This fact sheets outline the USDA programs described in the Who Can Help - Communities section. This pdf contains more information on the US Army Corps of Engineers CAP program on Project Modification for Improvement to the Environment.
Sec 1135.pdf — PDF document, 621 kB (636314 bytes)

US Army Corps of Engineers Program PDF Pages USACE Section 14
This fact sheets outline the USDA programs described in the Who Can Help - Communities section. Information on the CAP Program Section 14 about Emergency Stream bank and Shoreline Erosion Protection.
Sec 14.pdf — PDF document, 636 kB (651642 bytes)

US Army Corps of Engineers Program PDF Pages USACE Section 204
Fact Sheet on USACE Section 204 of the Continuing Authorities Program (CAP) used to provide comprehensive State or regional sediment management planning assistance.
Sec 204.pdf — PDF document, 188 kB (192800 bytes)

US Army Corps of Engineers Program PDF Pages USACE Section 205
Fact Sheet on USACE Section 205 of the Continuing Authorities Program (CAP) for flood risk management.
Sec 205.pdf — PDF document, 604 kB (618519 bytes)

US Army Corps of Engineers Program PDF Pages USACE Section 206
Fact Sheet on USACE Section 206 of the Continuing Authorities Program (CAP) on Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration.
Sec 206.pdf — PDF document, 608 kB (622835 bytes)

USGS New Mexico Debris Flow Hazard Studies
The USGS conducted debris flow hazard studies following the Whitewater-Baldy, Las Conchas and Track fires.

Models of Post-Fire Debris Flows: Want to learn more about post-wildfire flooding? U.S Geological Survey has produced three reports modeling post-fire debris flows. The reports include information such as the areas of the highest probability of the largest debris flows during flooding some recent New Mexico wildfires. You can see the completed reports at the links below. Also, USGS may help communities before or after a wildfire, including early warning rain and stream gauges and debris-flow modeling.

During a wildfire, the health and safety of livestock is primarily the responsibility of the owner. However, the New Mexico Livestock Board can provide various kinds of assistance. To learn more about how they can help, contact them directly at 505-841-6161 or click here to visit our "Caring for Your Pets and Livestock" page.

Is there a paper version of this guide?

This website is designed to be printed: you can print a short pdf version or the entire website here. Each section can also be printed separately. The website offers the most up-to-date and comprehensive information, however.

Who can help after a wildfire?

The Who Can Help section contains the array of known help in a post-wildfire situation for both communities and individuals. There may not be assistance for every specific situation.

What are some steps my community can take to help us recover?

Navigating after a disaster is challenging. We have compiled some helpful tips to get you started and to assist you on your journey to recovery in the Mobilize Your Community section.

What are other key tools and resources?

Some highlighted resources include recovers.org to assist a community in organizing after a disaster, and the ‘After the Fire’ toolkit, which provides customizable communication tools such as sample press releases and door hangers for communities. See Additional Resources for more.

Is this guide useful for other states outside of New Mexico?

Yes. In the first year, the guide was used more frequently by other states. Many of the resources pertain to the United States, while some resources are local. The post-fire and flooding sections are written mainly for the southwest, but may be useful in other areas as well.

Can a BAER (Burned Area Emergency Response) Team help?

The focus of BAER Teams is public land. They work to mitigate the after effects of wildfire, such as flooding. While this often helps protect areas downstream, BAER Teams rarely have the authority or permission to work on private land. Likewise, the US Forest Service has a mandate to work on their public land, and has limited ability to work on private land.

How can I give feedback on this guide or contact the guide administrators?

Click on contact in the footer for questions, ideas or input about this website or the paper guide. 

Can someone present the ‘After Wildfire’ guide at my conference or for my community?

Sometimes. We have limited staff and trained professionals to present the guide. We can sometimes present at conferences in New Mexico and to nearby communities depending on availability.

What are some of the main lessons learned from the After Wildfire guide?

• Communities that have worked together before a disaster can mobilize more rapidly and effectively if/when a disaster does strike.
• While help exists, there are also gaps in assistance, as agencies have specific parameters for the programs and services they provide.

For a listing of your SWCDs, visit the New Mexico Association of Conservation Districts (NMACD) website or call them at (575) 981-2400. You may also contact the New Mexico Coalition of Conservation Districts (NMCCD) or call them at 505-832-1111 .

For a list of districts and phone numbers, click here.

Print Condensed Booklet of the Guide

PDF of Condensed Version of the Guide

Printing the Entire Website Online

To download entire Online Guide: http://afterwildfirenm.org/report_print

To print individual sections, look for this button in every section

To print a page, look for this button  on every page.

Print the Guide by Sections:

Immediate Safety - http://afterwildfirenm.org/immediate-safety/report_print_section

Mobilize Your Community - http://afterwildfirenm.org/mobilize-your-community/report_print_section

Who Can Help - http://afterwildfirenm.org/who-can-help/report_print_section

Post Fire Treatments - http://afterwildfirenm.org/post-fire-treatments/report_print_section

Financial Tips - http://afterwildfirenm.org/financial-tips/report_print_section

Flood Information - http://afterwildfirenm.org/flood-information/report_print_section

Additional Resources - http://afterwildfirenm.org/additional-resources/report_print_section

Printed Materials 

For copies of the following materials (while supplies last),
contact New Mexico State Forestry’s Forest and Watershed Health Office at 505-345-2200.

• Infographic Postcard
• Infographic Letter Size
• Infographic Mini Poster

What is it? The NMCF provides emergency funds that are a conduit to receive philanthropic donations to help those most in need. For example, the NMCF set up a fund for Santa Clara Pueblo after the Las Conchas wildfire. In the summer of 2013, the NMCF set up a disaster relief fund due to wildfires around New Mexico. 100% of all donations go to those effected by natural disasters or fires. 

Who Can Apply? Non-profit organizations and government entities. The NMCF does not give funds to individuals. Funds can be applied for immediately after a fire or during a fire. 

Are Matching Funds Required? No. 

When Can I Expect To Receive My Funds? If approved, a few days after the application has been submitted. 

Contact Name: Linda Milbourn

Contact Phone Number: 505-820-6860

Program Website: nmcf.org. 

Click here to learn more about the Vecino Fund.

What is it?  The New Mexico Department of Homeland Security and Emergency Management (NMDHSEM) administers the Flood Mitigation Assistance Grant Program (FMA) utilizing FEMA funding. FMA provides grants to local governments, tribes and State agencies on an annual basis to mitigate flood damaged properties and to reduce or eliminate claims under the National Flood Insurance Program. FMA is authorized under Section 1366 of the National

Flood Insurance Act of 1968, as amended, Title 42, United States Code, 4104c.

Who Can Apply? Local governments and tribal entities with a FEMA approved Hazard Mitigation Plan. This program can only be applied for during the annual cycle and must mitigate flood risk for structures insured through the National Flood Insurance Program. 

Are Matching Funds Required? Yes, 25% of the funds must come from a non-federal source.

Program Website: www.nmdhsem.org/Grants.aspx

Department Website: www.nmdhsem.org

Assistance for individuals may be more limited than assistance to communities. In addition to these resources, you may find help from community volunteers and local organizations not included here, such as churches, community centers and local businesses. Local help can often mobilize quickly to provide services such as sheltering livestock or pets, providing household supplies to fire victims, and meeting other needs not met by the major agencies and organizations.

2022 Wildfire Information - New Mexico Department of Homeland Security 

There are many current, helpful resources on this page including information and permits for the Full Service Debris Removal Program. This program allows all wildfire debris on residential properties within Mora and San Miguel Counties ro be collected, safely removed, and properly disposed of by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers with no out of pocket costs to property owners. 

U.S. Forest Service Claimants Helpdesk (877) 372-7248

American Red Cross

The American Red Cross responds to disasters 365 days a year and can assist impacted individuals with their immediate emergency needs. Call 1-800-RED CROSS (1-800-733-2767) and ask for your local chapter.

Disaster Distress Helpline

The Disaster Distress Helpline can assist you after a wildfire. Those impacted by recent wildfires can reach out to them any time for support. Call 1-800-985-5990, para español, oprima el dos, or text Text TalkWithUs to 66746 or Hablanos to 66746.

Farm Service Agency: Assistance with Natural Disaster Loses

The Farm Service Agency provides assistance for natural disaster losses, resulting from drought, flood, fire, freeze, tornadoes, pest infestation, and other calamities. For example, they provide assistance after a disaster to eligible livestock producers, honeybee producers, orchardists, forestland owners, tree nurseries and more. More information

Food Assistance

The SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) may help you replace food lost in a disaster or help you apply for benefits. More information

Help for Businesses and Non-Profits: Small Business Administration

If your business or private, nonprofit organization has suffered physical damage or your small business or private, nonprofit organization of any size has sustained economic injury after a disaster, you may be eligible for financial assistance.

Help for Renters and Homeowners: Small Business Administration

The Small Business Administration provides low-interest disaster loans with long-term repayments to qualifying individuals and businesses. 

Helping Children Cope with Disaster

Disasters can be especially stressful for families with children. FEMA (the Federal Emergency Management Agency) and Sesame Street provide resources to assist you in helping children cope with disaster. 

New Mexico Burned Area Initiative: Natural Resources Conservation Service

The NRCS NM Burned Area Initiative is part of the their Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP). The Burned Area Initiative is designed to help landowners restore conservation practices destroyed in fires or by off-site fire impacts. All EQIP programs have a continuous sign-up period. 

New Mexico Department of Homeland Security and Emergency Management

The NMDHSEM offers assistance to communities rather than at the individual level. However, individuals seeking advice after a wildfire can call the New Mexico Department of Homeland Security’s Public Information Officer at 505-476-0626 or the main line at 505-476-9600.

The Salvation Army

The Salvation Army may provide temporary assistance for families in need, including vouchers for rent and emergency aid and legal aid. For information on services provided by The Salvation Army, click here. For Salvation Army locations and phone numbers in New Mexico, click here.

Southern Baptist Disaster Relief

SBDR is a Christian organization that aims to meet the urgent needs of hurting humanity in crisis situations. They provide many different types of relief, including food, water, child care, laundry, repairs, rebuilding and more. For example, they provided direct assistance in New Mexico after destructive wildfires such as removing debris from burned home sites. Southern Baptist Disaster Relief has gained national and international recognition for service in crisis situations across the nation and the globe. 

Self Help

Each year, through grants and private and public contributions, Self Help is able to support those who need help most during emergencies to the residents of Los Alamos, northern Santa Fe, Rio Arriba, and Taos counties. More information

Vecino Fund

New Mexico Community Foundation’s Vecino Fund provides “neighbor helping neighbor” funds for individuals in times of crisis, including after a wildfire. While NMCF does not give money directly to individuals, it provides financial assistance to agencies and organizations to purchase needed supplies and services to then assist individuals. To learn more about the Vecino Fund call 505-820-6860.

Water Quality and Safety: Private Well Testing

The New Mexico Environmental Department (NMED) provides free testing of private domestic wells to check for contamination after a wildfire. 

2-1-1 Free Information and Referral Center

While 2-1-1 is not specific to post-wildfire situations, it is a regional free Information and Referral Center connecting residents to community resources located in their area. 2-1-1 has several regions in New Mexico.

The Disaster Distress Helpline can assist you after a wildfire. Those impacted by recent wildfires can reach out to them any time  for support. Call 1-800-985-5990, or text Text TalkWithUs to 66746 or Hablanos to 66746.

While NMCF does not give money directly to individuals, it provides financial assistance to agencies and organizations to purchase needed supplies and services to then assist individuals.

The NMDHSEM offers assistance to communities rather than at the individual level. However, individuals seeking advice after a wildfire can call the New Mexico Department of Homeland Security’s Public Information Officer at 505-476-0626 or the main line at 505-476-9600.

Visit the NMED Drinking Water Bureau website at http://www.nmenv.state.nm.us/dwb/index.htm for more information, or call 877-654-8720 Monday - Friday, 8-5, or contact Tom Skibiski at thomas.skibiski@state.nm.us or at 505-827-1758. Click here to find out more about this program and what to do about floodwater contaminated wells (which can occur after a wildfire, flooding or other emergency).

Contact the Red Cross here.
Call 1-800-RED CROSS (1-800-733-2767) and ask for your local chapter.

What is it?  If your business or non-profit organization – regardless of size –is located in the declared disaster area (the declaration may be either Presidential or a SBA administrative declaration; it is worth checking in with them), you may apply for a long-term, low-interest loan to repair or replace damaged property. Even if your property was not damaged and you are a small business owner or a private, nonprofit organization, you may apply for a working capital loan from the SBA to relieve the economic injury caused by the disaster. The SBA may refinance mortgages in some cases.

What is it? The SBA provides low-interest disaster loans with long-term repayments to qualifying individuals and businesses. If you are in a declared disaster area (the declaration may be either Presidential or a SBA administrative declaration; it is worth checking in with them) and are the victim of a disaster, you may be eligible for a low-interest rate disaster loan from the U.S. Small Business Administration. Renters and homeowners alike may borrow up to $40,000 to repair or replace clothing, furniture, cars or appliances destroyed during a disaster. Homeowners may apply for up to $200,000 to repair or replace their primary residence to pre-disaster condition.

For information on services provided by The Salvation Army, click here. For Salvation Army locations and phone numbers in New Mexico, click here.

Self Help enhances life skills and empowers individuals by providing programs and services that focus on developing self-reliance. Self Help provides consultation and advocacy, emergency financial assistance and seed money grants to residents of Los Alamos, northern Santa Fe, Rio Arriba, and Taos counties. Each year, through grants and private and public contributions, Self Help is able to support those who need help most during emergencies. Click here to learn more or call 505-662-4666.

Visit www.fema.gov or get a copy of FEMA 478 Helping Children Cope with Disaster. To obtain this or other publications call the FEMA publications warehouse at 1-800-480-2520. You can also visit the Department of Homeland Securities’ www.ready.gov.http://www.fema.gov/coping-disaster#4. 

You may also visit Sesame Street's Handling Emergencies.

The Farm Service Agency’s Livestock Forage Program compensates eligible livestock producers who have suffered grazing losses due to fire and drought.

The Human Services Department will also help with applications for SNAP assistance. If you are not part of the SNAP program but need assistance, FEMA or Red Cross may be able to help in disaster declared areas, in addition to local food banks and pantries. You can also apply for SNAP benefits online. An expedited SNAP program exists to provide benefits within 7 days.

The Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) provides financial and technical assistance to agricultural producers in order to address natural resource concerns and deliver environmental benefits such as improved water and air quality, conserved ground and surface water, reduced soil erosion and sedimentation or improved or created wildlife habitat. 

American Red Cross

The American Red Cross responds to disasters 365 days a year to assist impacted individuals with their immediate emergency needs. Contact the  Red Cross here. Call 1-800-RED CROSS (1-800-733-2767) and ask for your local chapter.

Food Assistance

The SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) may help you replace food lost in a  disaster or help you apply for benefits through the NM Human Service Department. You can apply for SNAP benefits online. An expedited SNAP program for disasters exists to provide benefits within 7 days. For more information, call 1-800-283-4465 or click here.

Community, Faith-Based and Volunteer Groups

Local Community and Faith Based Organizations and Volunteer Groups may also offer disaster relief services. Groups such as the County Disaster or Emergency Services Offices often coordinate services provided by local groups. Attend a local wildfire information community meeting or call local churches, community groups, etc. to find out more.

Additional Assistance

Visit our Who Can Help section for more opportunities for assistance.

Wildfires often lead to emotional distress in those that experience them.  Survivors living in the impacted areas (including children and teens), loved ones of victims, first responders, and rescue and recovery workers are all at risk. 
 
Feelings such as overwhelming anxiety, constant worrying, trouble sleeping and other depression-like symptoms are common responses (before, during and after the event). Most people need additional support to cope and move forward on the path of recovery. (Text adapted from the Disaster Distress Helpline wildfire page).

Agora Crisis Center

Agora, based out of the University of New Mexico, is a place that anyone can call when they have something to say or just need someone to listen. You don't have to be in crisis, you can call to talk about good things, bad things, stress, anger, or loneliness. Call (505) 277-3013 or 866-HELP-1-NM (866-435-7166). Agora can also chat online with you.

Crisis Center of Northern New Mexico

Visit http://crisis-centers.com/contact_us/ or call 1 800-206-1656, a 24-hour crisis line.

New Mexico Crisis and Access Line

Visit http://www.nmcrisisline.com or call 1 (855) NMCRISIS (662-7474).

The Disaster Distress Helpline

The Disaster Distress Helpline provides year-round, 24/7 phone- and text-based crisis counseling to anyone who is experiencing emotional distress related to natural or man-made disasters within the U.S. and territories.  Those impacted by recent wildfires and might be experiencing distress and having difficulty coping can reach out to them any time  for support. Call 1-800-985-5990, or text Text TalkWithUs to 66746 or Hablanos to 66746.

Firefighters and First Responders

Firefighters, agency personnel, and first responders may use all of the resources above; however, there are also resources specific to these groups:

• First Responder 24-Hour Crisis Hotline, 1-888-731-3473 (FIRE)
• Firefighter Behavioral Health Alliance,  www.ffbha.org
• National Fallen Firefighter Foundation, www.firehero.org
• Wildland Firefighter Foundation www.wffoundation.org provides help to families of firefighters killed in the line of duty and assists injured firefighters and their families.  
• The Life Challenge Program, www.lifechallengeprogram.org, provides information about suicide awareness for firefighters.
• Quick Series Publishing, www.quickseries.com, 1-800-361-4653, provides pocket books and eGuides for fire fighters, EMS and more.

Other Resources for Emotional Support

• Helping children deal with disaster, visit www.fema.gov or get a copy of FEMA 478 Helping Children Cope with Disaster. To obtain this and other fact sheets and publications call the FEMA publications warehouse at 1-800-480-2520. You can also visit the Department of Homeland Securities’ www.ready.gov, or the National Child Traumatic Stress Network.
• New Mexico Suicide Prevention Coalition, 1-855-662-7474, www.nmsuicideprevention.org.
• ACROSS = Association of Christians Reaching Our in Service and Support  www.acrossweb.us.

Emotional Phases of Disaster

People may experience an emotional "high" after a disaster, due to survival and communities coming together. The emotional "lows" may come later, and be triggered months or years after the event. For a chart and an interesting article on this, please visit the OperationSAFE website here.

In addition to affecting your health and safety, wildfire also poses a threat to pets and livestock. Unfortunately disasters can mean that animals are left behind. This section offers some resources and precautions related to pets and livestock. See our Immediate Safety section for general safety information.

Pets

• The accepted sequence for safety and evacuation is people first, then pets, then livestock, and then property. The same can be said of disaster recovery.

• First and foremost: Stay away from your home or business until fire officials tell you it is safe to return.

• Make sure your pet has some kind of identification, ideally a collar with a tag that has your contact information on it. Microchips also help; make sure you have at least one non-local contact person listed on your pet's chip registration in case local phones are out.

• Whenever possible, do not leave animals behind. They can be lost, injured or killed.

• Human evacuation shelters generally do not allow pets except for service animals.

• Pet evacuation shelters are often available. To find out more about the location of shelters and other services available to pet owners, call Animal Protection of New Mexico at 505-265-2322 Ext. 29.

Livestock

• The health and safety of livestock is primarily the responsibility of the owner.

• Evacuation centers for livestock are usually located at country fairgrounds. Call your county emergency manager or the livestock board to find out more about these facilities.

• Adrenaline, panic and confusion affect both humans and animals, so be aware of these effects.

• Use caution when working with livestock after a wildfire. Their survival instincts can make normal handling techniques ineffective. Livestock are very sensitive to wildfire and will respond to a fire that is anywhere within their sensory range. Normal reactions range from nervousness to panic to aggressive escape attempts.

• Livestock are often injured or killed by fleeing from a wildfire into fences and barriers. Be sure to check your animals for injuries from fences and to check your fences for damage from fleeing animals.

• Report location, identification and disposition of your livestock to the authorities responding to the fire, especially if your animals are aggressive.

• After you have been allowed to return to your property, it is important to locate your livestock and ensure they have access to high-quality forage with a protein and mineral supplement and good water. If livestock do not get adequate nutrition, their condition can deteriorate rapidly.

• Check surviving livestock for signs of injury. Health disorders such as burned eyes, burned areas, and lung inflammation and edema from smoke inhalation are common after livestock experience wildfire. Have your livestock inspected by a vet as soon as possible. It can take a while for symptoms to appear, so monitor your cattle for several weeks after the fire.

• After wildfire, be sure your livestock are pastured somewhere safe from flash floods and post-fire flooding, if possible.

• Livestock have a natural instinct to move away from flash flood waters, and will generally seek higher ground if they can. Livestock will initially panic during flash floods and will fight fences if they are impeding their movement away from floodwaters. Be sure your pasture is fenced in a way that maximizes access to high ground to minimize injury and death.

• The New Mexico Livestock Board and its partners assist in evacuations and work to make sure any livestock that had to be evacuated during a fire are claimed by their owners.

• In the event of livestock fatalities, contact the State Livestock Board at 505-841-6161 to find out about disposal methods.

• For additional information on assistance offered by the Livestock Board, call 505-841-6161.

• The State Veterinarian, Ellen Wilson, DVM, can be reached at 505-841-6161 or through email at Ellen.Wilson@state.nm.us.

What does a community do after a wildfire? Experiencing a destructive wildfire can be devastating. This guide was created to help communities recover after a wildfire. While this guide was originally created for New Mexico, it has been used across the United States. It includes information on how to mobilize your community, a list of resources available to communities and individuals, and a technical guide with information about post-fire treatments to address the catastrophic effects of a wildfire on the land and to prepare for potential flooding. If you are reading this guide before a wildfire occurs, use it to help you plan ahead.

This guide is intended to provide useful information during this difficult time, and to start you on the road to recovery.

This guide is a collaborative work by land management agencies and local government organizations in New Mexico. It is intended to be used for informational purposes only. It is not intended to substitute for legal or professional advice. The material in this guide was compiled to help community leaders find in one place the best currently available information for communities that have experienced a destructive wildfire. Readers should be aware that such information is subject to change over time and will not apply to all communities or in all post-fire situations.

We recognize that the range of assistance offered to communities and individuals in New Mexico may not meet all of the many needs that can arise after a wildfire. Gaps in services and financial assistance do exist. This guide attempts to communicate to communities and individuals the ‘lessons learned’ from other New Mexico communities, outline what help is currently available, and provide some information on rehabilitation practices that may be employed after a wildfire has occurred. We hope this guide assists you on your journey of recovery from a destructive wildfire.

We welcome your feedback on this guide.